STM32F103 HardFault when calling sprintf/snprintf (newlib-nano, CMake project)
I am working on an STM32F103xB (Cortex-M3) project using the files generated by CUBEMX. Here are the CMake_Lists.txt:
cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.22)
project(oled_test LANGUAGES C ASM)
set(CMAKE_C_STANDARD 11)
set(CMAKE_C_STANDARD_REQUIRED ON)
if(NOT CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE)
set(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE "Debug")
endif()
enable_language(C ASM)
list(REMOVE_ITEM CMAKE_C_IMPLICIT_LINK_LIBRARIES ob)
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------
# CRITICAL: Define the chip BEFORE everything else
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------
set(STM32_CHIP "STM32F103xB" CACHE STRING "STM32 chip definition")
# Check startup_stm32f103x*.s to know which one to use
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------
# Get source files
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------
file(GLOB_RECURSE CUBE_C_SOURCES
"${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/Cube_oled/Core/Src/*.c"
"${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/Cube_oled/Drivers/STM32F1xx_HAL_Driver/Src/*.c"
)
file(GLOB_RECURSE CUBE_ASM_SOURCES
"${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/Cube_oled/*.s"
"${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/Cube_oled/*.S"
)
list(FILTER CUBE_C_SOURCES EXCLUDE REGEX ".*main\.c$")
set(CUBE_MX_INCLUDE_DIRS
"${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/Cube_oled/Core/Inc"
"${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/Cube_oled/Drivers/STM32F1xx_HAL_Driver/Inc"
"${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/Cube_oled/Drivers/STM32F1xx_HAL_Driver/Inc/Legacy"
"${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/Cube_oled/Drivers/CMSIS/Device/ST/STM32F1xx/Include"
"${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/Cube_oled/Drivers/CMSIS/Include"
)
set(LD_SCRIPT_PATH "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/Cube_oled/STM32F103XX_FLASH.ld")
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------
# Create executable
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------
add_executable(${PROJECT_NAME})
target_link_options(${PROJECT_NAME} PRIVATE
-T "${LD_SCRIPT_PATH}"
-Wl,-Map=${PROJECT_NAME}.map
)
target_sources(${PROJECT_NAME} PRIVATE
# My App
app_test/oled_test.c # Here is main.c
# Cube source asm/C
${CUBE_ASM_SOURCES}
${CUBE_C_SOURCES}
#
${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/libs/oled_lib/SSD1315/ssd1315.c
${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/libs/oled_lib/bsp_stm32f103/bsp_ssd1315.c
${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/libs/dds_lib/sine_generator.c
${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/libs/utils-oled/text_to_pixels.c
)
target_include_directories(${PROJECT_NAME} PRIVATE
# My app include directories
app_test
${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/libs/oled_lib/SSD1315
${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/libs/oled_lib/bsp_stm32f103
${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/libs/dds_lib
${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/libs/utils-oled/
# Cube directories
${CUBE_MX_INCLUDE_DIRS}
)
target_compile_definitions(${PROJECT_NAME} PRIVATE
USE_HAL_DRIVER
${STM32_CHIP} # Same definition!
)
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------
# Link
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------
target_link_libraries(${PROJECT_NAME} PRIVATE
-lm
)
set_target_properties(${PROJECT_NAME} PROPERTIES
OUTPUT_NAME ${PROJECT_NAME}
SUFFIX ".elf"
RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}
)
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------
# Post-build
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------
if(CMAKE_OBJCOPY)
add_custom_command(TARGET ${PROJECT_NAME} POST_BUILD
COMMAND ${CMAKE_OBJCOPY} -O ihex $ ${PROJECT_NAME}.hex
COMMAND ${CMAKE_OBJCOPY} -O binary $ ${PROJECT_NAME}.bin
COMMAND ${CMAKE_SIZE} $
COMMENT "Generating files..."
WORKING_DIRECTORY ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}
)
endif()
toolchain.cmake:
# arm-gcc-toolchain-fixed.cmake - CORRECTED VERSION
set(CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME Generic)
set(CMAKE_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR arm)
set(TOOLCHAIN_PREFIX arm-none-eabi-)
# Compilers
set(CMAKE_C_COMPILER ${TOOLCHAIN_PREFIX}gcc.exe)
set(CMAKE_ASM_COMPILER ${CMAKE_C_COMPILER})
set(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER ${TOOLCHAIN_PREFIX}g++.exe)
set(CMAKE_AR ${TOOLCHAIN_PREFIX}ar.exe)
set(CMAKE_OBJCOPY ${TOOLCHAIN_PREFIX}objcopy.exe)
set(CMAKE_SIZE ${TOOLCHAIN_PREFIX}size.exe)
set(CMAKE_TRY_COMPILE_TARGET_TYPE STATIC_LIBRARY)
# --- SIMPLIFIED FLAGS ---
set(TARGET_FLAGS "-mcpu=cortex-m3 -mthumb -mfloat-abi=soft")
# --- COMPILATION FLAGS (C) ---
# IMPORTANT! DO NOT include --specs=nano.specs here
set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS "${TARGET_FLAGS} -std=gnu11" CACHE INTERNAL "c flags")
# --- ASSEMBLER FLAGS (ASM) ---
set(CMAKE_ASM_FLAGS "${TARGET_FLAGS} -x assembler-with-cpp" CACHE INTERNAL "asm flags")
# --- DEBUG/RELEASE FLAGS ---
set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS_DEBUG "-O0 -g3 -DDEBUG -DUSE_HAL_DRIVER -DSTM32F103xB -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections -Wall -fstack-usage -MMD -MP" CACHE INTERNAL "c debug flags")
set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS_RELEASE "-Os -g0" CACHE INTERNAL "c release flags")
# --- LINKER FLAGS ---
# ONLY --specs must go here!
set(CMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS "${TARGET_FLAGS}
-static
--specs=nano.specs
-u _printf_float
-Wl,-Map=${CMAKE_PROJECT_NAME}.map
-Wl,--gc-sections -Wl,--start-group -lc -lm -Wl,--end-group"
CACHE INTERNAL "linker flags")
STM32F103XX_FLASH.LD:
/*
******************************************************************************
**
** File : LinkerScript.ld
**
** Author : STM32CubeMX
**
** Abstract : Linker script for STM32F103C8Tx series
** 64Kbytes FLASH and 20Kbytes RAM
**
** Set heap size, stack size and stack location according
** to application requirements.
**
** Set memory bank area and size if external memory is used.
**
** Target : STMicroelectronics STM32
**
** Distribution: The file is distributed “as is,” without any warranty
** of any kind.
**
*****************************************************************************
** @attention
**
** © COPYRIGHT(c) 2025 STMicroelectronics
**
** Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification,
** are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
** 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
** this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
** 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
** this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
** and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
** 3. Neither the name of STMicroelectronics nor the names of its contributors
** may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
** without specific prior written permission.
**
** THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
** AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
** IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
** DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
** FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
** DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
** SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
** CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
** OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
** OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
**
*****************************************************************************
*/
/* Entry Point */
ENTRY(Reset_Handler)
/* Specify the memory areas */
MEMORY
{
RAM (xrw) : ORIGIN = 0x20000000, LENGTH = 20K
FLASH (rx) : ORIGIN = 0x08000000, LENGTH = 64K
}
/* Highest address of the user mode stack */
_estack = ORIGIN(RAM) + LENGTH(RAM); /* end of RAM */
/* Generate a link error if heap and stack don't fit into RAM */
_Min_Heap_Size = 0x400; /* required amount of heap */
_Min_Stack_Size = 0x800; /* required amount of stack */
/* Define output sections */
SECTIONS
{
/* The startup code goes first into FLASH */
.isr_vector :
{
. = ALIGN(4);
KEEP(*(.isr_vector)) /* Startup code */
. = ALIGN(4);
} >FLASH
/* The program code and other data goes into FLASH */
.text :
{
. = ALIGN(4);
*(.text) /* .text sections (code) */
*(.text*) /* .text* sections (code) */
*(.glue_7) /* glue arm to thumb code */
*(.glue_7t) /* glue thumb to arm code */
*(.eh_frame)
KEEP (*(.init))
KEEP (*(.fini))
. = ALIGN(4);
_etext = .; /* define a global symbols at end of code */
} >FLASH
/* Constant data goes into FLASH */
.rodata :
{
. = ALIGN(4);
*(.rodata) /* .rodata sections (constants, strings, etc.) */
*(.rodata*) /* .rodata* sections (constants, strings, etc.) */
. = ALIGN(4);
} >FLASH
.ARM.extab (READONLY) : /* The "READONLY" keyword is only supported in GCC11 and later, remove it if using GCC10 or earlier. */
{
. = ALIGN(4);
*(.ARM.extab* .gnu.linkonce.armextab.*)
. = ALIGN(4);
} >FLASH
.ARM (READONLY) : /* The "READONLY" keyword is only supported in GCC11 and later, remove it if using GCC10 or earlier. */
{
. = ALIGN(4);
__exidx_start = .;
*(.ARM.exidx*)
__exidx_end = .;
. = ALIGN(4);
} >FLASH
.preinit_array (READONLY) : /* The "READONLY" keyword is only supported in GCC11 and later, remove it if using GCC10 or earlier. */
{
. = ALIGN(4);
PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__preinit_array_start = .);
KEEP (*(.preinit_array*))
PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__preinit_array_end = .);
. = ALIGN(4);
} >FLASH
.init_array (READONLY) : /* The "READONLY" keyword is only supported in GCC11 and later, remove it if using GCC10 or earlier. */
{
. = ALIGN(4);
PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__init_array_start = .);
KEEP (*(SORT(.init_array.*)))
KEEP (*(.init_array*))
PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__init_array_end = .);
. = ALIGN(4);
} >FLASH
.fini_array (READONLY) : /* The "READONLY" keyword is only supported in GCC11 and later, remove it if using GCC10 or earlier. */
{
. = ALIGN(4);
PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__fini_array_start = .);
KEEP (*(SORT(.fini_array.*)))
KEEP (*(.fini_array*))
PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__fini_array_end = .);
. = ALIGN(4);
} >FLASH
/* used by the startup to initialize data */
_sidata = LOADADDR(.data);
/* Initialized data sections goes into RAM, load LMA copy after code */
.data :
{
. = ALIGN(4);
_sdata = .; /* create a global symbol at data start */
*(.data) /* .data sections */
*(.data*) /* .data* sections */
*(.RamFunc) /* .RamFunc sections */
*(.RamFunc*) /* .RamFunc* sections */
. = ALIGN(4);
} >RAM AT> FLASH
/* Initialized TLS data section */
.tdata : ALIGN(4)
{
*(.tdata .tdata.* .gnu.linkonce.td.*)
. = ALIGN(4);
_edata = .; /* define a global symbol at data end */
PROVIDE(__data_end = .);
PROVIDE(__tdata_end = .);
} >RAM AT> FLASH
PROVIDE( __tdata_start = ADDR(.tdata) );
PROVIDE( __tdata_size = __tdata_end - __tdata_start );
PROVIDE( __data_start = ADDR(.data) );
PROVIDE( __data_size = __data_end - __data_start );
PROVIDE( __tdata_source = LOADADDR(.tdata) );
PROVIDE( __tdata_source_end = LOADADDR(.tdata) + SIZEOF(.tdata) );
PROVIDE( __tdata_source_size = __tdata_source_end - __tdata_source );
PROVIDE( __data_source = LOADADDR(.data) );
PROVIDE( __data_source_end = __tdata_source_end );
PROVIDE( __data_source_size = __data_source_end - __data_source );
/* Uninitialized data section */
.tbss (NOLOAD) : ALIGN(4)
{
/* This is used by the startup in order to initialize the .bss secion */
_sbss = .; /* define a global symbol at bss start */
__bss_start__ = _sbss;
*(.tbss .tbss.*)
. = ALIGN(4);
PROVIDE( __tbss_end = . );
} >RAM
PROVIDE( __tbss_start = ADDR(.tbss) );
PROVIDE( __tbss_size = __tbss_end - __tbss_start );
PROVIDE( __tbss_offset = ADDR(.tbss) - ADDR(.tdata) );
PROVIDE( __tls_base = __tdata_start );
PROVIDE( __tls_end = __tbss_end );
PROVIDE( __tls_size = __tls_end - __tls_base );
PROVIDE( __tls_align = MAX(ALIGNOF(.tdata), ALIGNOF(.tbss)) );
PROVIDE( __tls_size_align = (__tls_size + __tls_align - 1) & ~(__tls_align - 1) );
PROVIDE( __arm32_tls_tcb_offset = MAX(8, __tls_align) );
PROVIDE( __arm64_tls_tcb_offset = MAX(16, __tls_align) );
.bss (NOLOAD) : ALIGN(4)
{
*(.bss)
*(.bss*)
*(COMMON)
. = ALIGN(4);
_ebss = .; /* define a global symbol at bss end */
__bss_end__ = _ebss;
PROVIDE( __bss_end = .);
} >RAM
PROVIDE( __non_tls_bss_start = ADDR(.bss) );
PROVIDE( __bss_start = __tbss_start );
PROVIDE( __bss_size = __bss_end - __bss_start );
/* User_heap_stack section, used to check that there is enough RAM left */
._user_heap_stack (NOLOAD) :
{
. = ALIGN(8);
PROVIDE ( end = . );
PROVIDE ( _end = . );
. = . + _Min_Heap_Size;
. = . + _Min_Stack_Size;
. = ALIGN(8);
} >RAM
}
the compilation:
=== Advanced Memory Analysis ===
---------------------------------------
MCU Memory Specs (from linker script):
Flash: 65536 bytes
RAM: 20480 bytes
---------------------------------------
Static RAM (data + bss): 4824 bytes
Configured Stack: 2048 bytes
Configured Heap: 1024 bytes
---------------------------------------
Flash used: 19620 bytes (29.94%)
Total RAM reserved: 7896 bytes (38.55%)
Estimated RAM free: 12584 bytes
---------------------------------------
The project builds and runs correctly until I call sprintf() or snprintf().
When the function is executed, the MCU enters HardFault_Handler.
I;m not using %f , the stack is increased from 1 KB to 2 KB, memory usage well below limits, heap configured in linker, _sbrk() is implemented in sysmem.c., and when the hardfault happens the register SCB->BFAR is 0xe000edf8.
I'm missing something? I hope someone could help me with this.
Thanks in advanced