Q.1 Which international agreement primarily addresses climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions?
Kyoto Protocol
Montreal Protocol
Basel Convention
Stockholm Convention
Explanation - The Kyoto Protocol, adopted in 1997, sets binding targets for industrialized countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and combat global warming.
Correct answer is: Kyoto Protocol
Q.2 The Environment Protection Act, 1986 was enacted in India after which major event?
Chernobyl disaster
Bhopal Gas tragedy
Minamata disaster
Exxon Valdez oil spill
Explanation - The Environment Protection Act was enacted in response to the 1984 Bhopal Gas Tragedy to provide a framework for environmental protection and regulation.
Correct answer is: Bhopal Gas tragedy
Q.3 Which of the following is NOT covered under the Forest Conservation Act, 1980?
Restriction on de-reservation of forests
Regulation of non-forest use of forest land
Control of pollution in rivers
Prevention of deforestation
Explanation - The Forest Conservation Act deals specifically with forest land management and not river pollution, which comes under the Water Act, 1974.
Correct answer is: Control of pollution in rivers
Q.4 The National Green Tribunal (NGT) was established in which year?
2005
2010
2012
2015
Explanation - The NGT was established in 2010 to provide effective and speedy disposal of cases relating to environmental protection and conservation.
Correct answer is: 2010
Q.5 Which of the following protocols is related to the depletion of the ozone layer?
Montreal Protocol
Kyoto Protocol
Nagoya Protocol
Cartagena Protocol
Explanation - The Montreal Protocol, signed in 1987, is an international treaty aimed at phasing out substances that deplete the ozone layer.
Correct answer is: Montreal Protocol
Q.6 The Biodiversity Act of India was enacted in which year?
1992
2002
2005
2010
Explanation - The Biological Diversity Act, 2002, was passed to fulfill India’s obligations under the UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).
Correct answer is: 2002
Q.7 Which body is responsible for granting environmental clearances in India?
Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
Central Pollution Control Board
National Green Tribunal
State Pollution Control Board
Explanation - Environmental clearances for major projects are granted by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC).
Correct answer is: Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
Q.8 Which Indian Act regulates the handling of hazardous waste?
Environment Protection Act, 1986
Hazardous Wastes (Management) Rules, 1989
Factories Act, 1948
Air Act, 1981
Explanation - The Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989, were notified under the Environment Protection Act to regulate hazardous waste management.
Correct answer is: Hazardous Wastes (Management) Rules, 1989
Q.9 The Cartagena Protocol is related to which issue?
Biosafety and GMOs
Climate change mitigation
Ozone depletion
Marine pollution
Explanation - The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, adopted in 2000, deals with the safe transfer and use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs).
Correct answer is: Biosafety and GMOs
Q.10 Which article of the Indian Constitution provides for the protection and improvement of the environment?
Article 48A
Article 51A(g)
Article 21
All of the above
Explanation - Environmental protection is covered under Directive Principles (Art 48A), Fundamental Duties (Art 51A(g)), and interpreted as part of Right to Life (Art 21).
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.11 The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act was enacted in which year?
1972
1974
1981
1986
Explanation - The Water Act, 1974, was the first major environmental legislation in India aimed at preventing and controlling water pollution.
Correct answer is: 1974
Q.12 Which international conference led to the adoption of Agenda 21?
Rio Earth Summit, 1992
Kyoto Conference, 1997
Stockholm Conference, 1972
Paris Agreement, 2015
Explanation - Agenda 21, a global action plan for sustainable development, was adopted at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992.
Correct answer is: Rio Earth Summit, 1992
Q.13 In India, which Act regulates air pollution?
Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
Environment Protection Act, 1986
Factories Act, 1948
Water Act, 1974
Explanation - The Air Act of 1981 provides for the control and abatement of air pollution in India.
Correct answer is: Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
Q.14 Which organization publishes the Global Environment Outlook report?
World Bank
UNEP
IPCC
WWF
Explanation - The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) publishes the Global Environment Outlook report periodically to assess global environmental conditions.
Correct answer is: UNEP
Q.15 The Ramsar Convention is related to which type of ecosystem?
Forests
Wetlands
Deserts
Oceans
Explanation - The Ramsar Convention of 1971 is an international treaty for the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands.
Correct answer is: Wetlands
Q.16 Which Indian policy introduced the concept of ‘Polluter Pays Principle’?
National Environment Policy, 2006
Environment Protection Act, 1986
Air Act, 1981
Forest Policy, 1988
Explanation - The National Environment Policy, 2006, incorporated key principles like ‘Polluter Pays’ and ‘Precautionary Principle’.
Correct answer is: National Environment Policy, 2006
Q.17 Which protocol regulates transboundary movement of hazardous wastes?
Basel Convention
Montreal Protocol
Kyoto Protocol
Nagoya Protocol
Explanation - The Basel Convention controls the transboundary movement and disposal of hazardous wastes, adopted in 1989.
Correct answer is: Basel Convention
Q.18 Which of the following is NOT a function of the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)?
Regulation of water pollution
Air quality monitoring
Granting forest clearances
Advising government on pollution control
Explanation - Forest clearances are handled by the MoEFCC, not CPCB, which focuses on pollution monitoring and control.
Correct answer is: Granting forest clearances
Q.19 Which Indian mission is focused on afforestation under the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC)?
National Solar Mission
National Water Mission
National Mission for a Green India
National Mission on Energy Efficiency
Explanation - The Green India Mission under NAPCC focuses on enhancing forest and tree cover to combat climate change.
Correct answer is: National Mission for a Green India
Q.20 Which Act led to the creation of State Pollution Control Boards in India?
Air Act, 1981
Water Act, 1974
Environment Protection Act, 1986
Biodiversity Act, 2002
Explanation - The Water Act, 1974, provided for the establishment of Pollution Control Boards at both central and state levels.
Correct answer is: Water Act, 1974
Q.21 Which international treaty regulates persistent organic pollutants (POPs)?
Stockholm Convention
Kyoto Protocol
Montreal Protocol
Cartagena Protocol
Explanation - The Stockholm Convention, signed in 2001, aims to eliminate or restrict the production and use of persistent organic pollutants.
Correct answer is: Stockholm Convention
Q.22 Which Indian initiative is related to the conservation of tigers?
Project Elephant
Project Tiger
Wildlife Protection Act
Green India Mission
Explanation - Project Tiger was launched in 1973 to ensure the survival and conservation of the tiger population in India.
Correct answer is: Project Tiger
Q.23 Which environmental law in India provides for ‘citizen suits’ allowing public interest litigation?
Environment Protection Act, 1986
Air Act, 1981
Water Act, 1974
Forest Act, 1927
Explanation - The Environment Protection Act allows citizens to approach courts against violations, enabling PILs for environmental issues.
Correct answer is: Environment Protection Act, 1986
Q.24 Which body is responsible for publishing the State of Forest Report in India?
Forest Survey of India
MoEFCC
CPCB
Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education
Explanation - The Forest Survey of India publishes the State of Forest Report every two years, assessing forest cover and related data.
Correct answer is: Forest Survey of India
Q.25 Which of the following is a binding international agreement on climate change adopted in 2015?
Paris Agreement
Rio Declaration
Agenda 21
Nairobi Declaration
Explanation - The Paris Agreement, adopted in 2015, is legally binding and aims to limit global temperature rise to well below 2°C.
Correct answer is: Paris Agreement