Q.1 Who is considered the father of modern utilitarianism?
Immanuel Kant
John Stuart Mill
Aristotle
Plato
Explanation - John Stuart Mill developed utilitarianism emphasizing 'the greatest happiness for the greatest number'.
Correct answer is: John Stuart Mill
Q.2 Which philosopher emphasized 'Categorical Imperative' as the basis of morality?
Aristotle
Immanuel Kant
John Locke
Thomas Hobbes
Explanation - Kant's Categorical Imperative is a universal principle guiding moral actions irrespective of consequences.
Correct answer is: Immanuel Kant
Q.3 Who advocated the idea of 'Happiness as the ultimate goal of human life'?
Epicurus
Nietzsche
Jean-Paul Sartre
Confucius
Explanation - Epicurus believed that pleasure, understood as absence of pain, is the ultimate human goal.
Correct answer is: Epicurus
Q.4 The concept of 'Virtue Ethics' is primarily associated with which thinker?
Plato
Aristotle
Kant
John Stuart Mill
Explanation - Aristotle emphasized developing good character traits (virtues) as the basis for ethical life.
Correct answer is: Aristotle
Q.5 Who wrote 'Leviathan', emphasizing social contract theory for civil obedience?
Thomas Hobbes
John Locke
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Immanuel Kant
Explanation - Hobbes argued that humans require a strong authority to avoid chaos, forming a social contract.
Correct answer is: Thomas Hobbes
Q.6 Which philosopher emphasized 'Natural Rights' including life, liberty, and property?
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
John Locke
Karl Marx
Thomas Hobbes
Explanation - Locke argued that individuals possess natural rights which governments must protect.
Correct answer is: John Locke
Q.7 Who is associated with the principle of 'Golden Mean' in ethics?
Aristotle
Confucius
John Stuart Mill
Socrates
Explanation - Aristotle described moral virtue as a balance between extremes, called the Golden Mean.
Correct answer is: Aristotle
Q.8 Which thinker is known for 'Existentialism' focusing on individual responsibility?
Jean-Paul Sartre
Epicurus
Immanuel Kant
Aristotle
Explanation - Sartre emphasized personal freedom and responsibility in creating meaning in life.
Correct answer is: Jean-Paul Sartre
Q.9 The concept of 'Justice as Fairness' is attributed to which philosopher?
John Rawls
Plato
Thomas Hobbes
Aristotle
Explanation - Rawls proposed principles of justice ensuring fairness in social and economic inequalities.
Correct answer is: John Rawls
Q.10 Who said 'Man is the measure of all things', emphasizing subjective human judgment?
Socrates
Protagoras
Plato
Aristotle
Explanation - Protagoras, a pre-Socratic philosopher, emphasized relativism and human perception in ethics.
Correct answer is: Protagoras
Q.11 Which moral thinker introduced the idea of 'Duty over Consequences'?
John Stuart Mill
Immanuel Kant
Aristotle
Epicurus
Explanation - Kantian ethics prioritize moral duties over outcomes, unlike utilitarianism.
Correct answer is: Immanuel Kant
Q.12 Who emphasized 'Moral Sentiments' as the basis for ethics in human interactions?
David Hume
Thomas Hobbes
John Locke
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Explanation - Hume argued that emotions and sympathy guide moral judgment more than reason alone.
Correct answer is: David Hume
Q.13 Which philosopher linked morality with 'Social Contract and Collective Good'?
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Aristotle
Immanuel Kant
Epicurus
Explanation - Rousseau believed humans form moral society through a social contract prioritizing collective good.
Correct answer is: Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Q.14 Who argued for 'Moral Relativism', suggesting ethics depend on cultural norms?
Protagoras
Plato
Kant
Epicurus
Explanation - Protagoras proposed that moral truths are not absolute but relative to individual or societal perspectives.
Correct answer is: Protagoras
Q.15 Which philosopher's work 'Nicomachean Ethics' is central to virtue ethics?
Aristotle
Socrates
John Stuart Mill
David Hume
Explanation - 'Nicomachean Ethics' outlines how virtues cultivate moral character for human flourishing.
Correct answer is: Aristotle
Q.16 Who emphasized the 'veil of ignorance' as a method to ensure impartial justice?
John Rawls
Thomas Hobbes
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Aristotle
Explanation - Rawls suggested designing just policies without knowing one's social position to ensure fairness.
Correct answer is: John Rawls
Q.17 Which philosopher promoted 'Self-interest as a basis of morality' in humans?
Thomas Hobbes
David Hume
Epicurus
Jean-Paul Sartre
Explanation - Hobbes suggested that humans are naturally self-interested, and moral rules prevent conflict.
Correct answer is: Thomas Hobbes
Q.18 Who proposed 'Ethics of Care', emphasizing relationships and compassion?
Carol Gilligan
Immanuel Kant
John Stuart Mill
Aristotle
Explanation - Gilligan emphasized empathy and relational ethics over abstract principles.
Correct answer is: Carol Gilligan
Q.19 Which philosopher emphasized 'Freedom and Responsibility' as the core of ethical life?
Jean-Paul Sartre
David Hume
Epicurus
Thomas Hobbes
Explanation - Existentialist philosophy stresses that humans must freely choose and bear responsibility for their actions.
Correct answer is: Jean-Paul Sartre
Q.20 Who argued that 'Happiness is achieved through moderation and virtue'?
Aristotle
Epicurus
John Locke
Kant
Explanation - Aristotle taught that virtuous living and balance lead to true human flourishing (eudaimonia).
Correct answer is: Aristotle
Q.21 Which philosopher linked law and morality through the concept of 'Natural Law'?
Thomas Aquinas
John Locke
Hobbes
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Explanation - Aquinas argued that human-made laws should reflect divine and natural moral order.
Correct answer is: Thomas Aquinas
Q.22 Who proposed that ethics should aim at promoting 'general welfare and happiness'?
John Stuart Mill
Aristotle
Immanuel Kant
Thomas Hobbes
Explanation - Mill's utilitarianism emphasizes ethical actions that maximize collective happiness.
Correct answer is: John Stuart Mill
Q.23 Which thinker emphasized 'Virtue arises from habit and practice, not just theory'?
Aristotle
Plato
Kant
David Hume
Explanation - Aristotle argued that ethical behavior develops through repeated virtuous actions.
Correct answer is: Aristotle
Q.24 Who proposed that 'Morality is grounded in empathy and sympathy'?
David Hume
Immanuel Kant
John Locke
Epicurus
Explanation - Hume believed humans naturally feel empathy, which forms the basis of moral judgment.
Correct answer is: David Hume