Q.1 Which concept best explains the tendency of individuals to change their behavior to align with perceived group norms even when no direct pressure is applied?
Normative social influence driven conformity processes
Informational cognitive uncertainty resolution
Internalized moral reasoning alignment process
Peripheral route attitude change mechanism
Explanation - Conformity driven by normative social influence occurs when individuals adjust behavior to fit in or be accepted by a group, even without explicit pressure.
Correct answer is: Normative social influence driven conformity processes
Q.2 According to attribution theory, which bias explains the tendency to overestimate dispositional causes of others' behavior while underestimating situational influences?
Actor-observer systematic perceptual bias distortion
Fundamental attribution error cognitive bias pattern
Self-serving attribution enhancement mechanism distortion
Halo effect generalized trait inference bias
Explanation - The fundamental attribution error refers to overemphasizing personality traits and underestimating situational factors when explaining others' behavior.
Correct answer is: Fundamental attribution error cognitive bias pattern
Q.3 Which phenomenon best describes performance improvement on simple tasks when others are present?
Social facilitation dominant response activation effect
Social loafing diffusion of responsibility effect
Group polarization attitude extremity shift effect
Cognitive dissonance reduction adjustment process
Explanation - Social facilitation refers to improved performance on well-learned or simple tasks in the presence of others.
Correct answer is: Social facilitation dominant response activation effect
Q.4 Which theory explains attitude change as a result of psychological discomfort arising from inconsistency between beliefs and behaviors?
Cognitive dissonance reduction theoretical framework
Self-perception attribution inference mechanism
Elaboration likelihood persuasion processing model
Balance theory cognitive consistency model
Explanation - Cognitive dissonance theory posits that inconsistency between beliefs and actions creates discomfort, motivating attitude change.
Correct answer is: Cognitive dissonance reduction theoretical framework
Q.5 Which term describes the reduction of individual accountability in group settings leading to diminished personal responsibility?
Diffusion of responsibility accountability dilution effect
Social facilitation performance amplification effect
Normative influence conformity pressure mechanism
Self-categorization identity salience process
Explanation - Diffusion of responsibility occurs when individuals in a group feel less personally accountable for outcomes.
Correct answer is: Diffusion of responsibility accountability dilution effect
Q.6 Which concept explains individuals aligning self-concept with perceived membership in social groups?
Social identity theory group-based self-definition
Cognitive appraisal emotional labeling model
Attributional consistency reinforcement framework
Heuristic representativeness judgment model
Explanation - Social identity theory explains how individuals derive self-esteem and identity from group membership.
Correct answer is: Social identity theory group-based self-definition
Q.7 What phenomenon describes group decision-making that leads to extreme positions due to reinforcing group discussions?
Group polarization collective extremity amplification
Groupthink consensus conformity dysfunction process
Social loafing responsibility reduction effect
Minority influence conversion mechanism process
Explanation - Group polarization occurs when group discussions intensify pre-existing attitudes, leading to more extreme positions.
Correct answer is: Group polarization collective extremity amplification
Q.8 Which theory suggests people infer their attitudes by observing their own behavior in absence of strong internal cues?
Self-perception theory behavioral inference model
Cognitive dissonance reduction framework theory
Elaboration likelihood central processing model
Social exchange reward cost analysis model
Explanation - Self-perception theory suggests individuals infer attitudes by interpreting their own behavior.
Correct answer is: Self-perception theory behavioral inference model
Q.9 Which factor most strongly increases obedience in Milgram-style experiments?
Authority figure proximity and legitimacy cues
Peer resistance normative counterpressure signals
Task ambiguity cognitive uncertainty escalation
Personal moral reflection activation increase
Explanation - Obedience increases when authority is perceived as legitimate and physically or symbolically present.
Correct answer is: Authority figure proximity and legitimacy cues
Q.10 What is the primary mechanism behind the bystander effect?
Pluralistic ignorance and responsibility diffusion
Operant conditioning reinforcement scheduling effects
Cognitive schema activation priming bias
Self-efficacy appraisal reduction process
Explanation - The bystander effect occurs due to diffusion of responsibility and misinterpretation of others' inaction.
Correct answer is: Pluralistic ignorance and responsibility diffusion
Q.11 Which concept explains preference for familiar stimuli simply due to repeated exposure?
Mere exposure effect familiarity preference bias
Availability heuristic recall ease bias
Anchoring adjustment judgment heuristic
Representativeness similarity judgment bias
Explanation - Repeated exposure increases liking due to familiarity, known as the mere exposure effect.
Correct answer is: Mere exposure effect familiarity preference bias
Q.12 Which theory describes persuasion as depending on central and peripheral cognitive routes?
Elaboration likelihood model dual processing framework
Cognitive dissonance reduction adjustment theory
Social identity categorization framework model
Balance theory cognitive equilibrium model
Explanation - ELM proposes central (deep processing) and peripheral (surface cues) routes to persuasion.
Correct answer is: Elaboration likelihood model dual processing framework
Q.13 What term describes tendency to favor one's own group over others?
Ingroup favoritism intergroup bias preference
Outgroup homogeneity perception distortion effect
Stereotype threat performance impairment effect
Social facilitation comparative enhancement bias
Explanation - Ingroup favoritism refers to preferential treatment and evaluation of one's own group.
Correct answer is: Ingroup favoritism intergroup bias preference
Q.14 Which phenomenon occurs when individuals exert less effort in groups than alone?
Social loafing effort reduction group effect
Social facilitation performance enhancement effect
Group polarization attitude intensification effect
Normative conformity pressure alignment effect
Explanation - Social loafing is reduced individual effort when working collectively.
Correct answer is: Social loafing effort reduction group effect
Q.15 Which concept explains internalization of social norms leading to consistent behavior even without surveillance?
Internalized norm compliance self-regulation system
External reward contingency reinforcement system
Cognitive dissonance avoidance mechanism control
Impression management strategic presentation behavior
Explanation - Internalized norms guide behavior automatically without external monitoring.
Correct answer is: Internalized norm compliance self-regulation system
Q.16 What is the main feature of deindividuation in social psychology?
Reduced self-awareness and lowered self-regulation
Increased analytical reasoning under group pressure
Enhanced individual accountability perception increase
Strengthened moral identity awareness activation
Explanation - Deindividuation reduces self-awareness, leading to disinhibited behavior in groups.
Correct answer is: Reduced self-awareness and lowered self-regulation
Q.17 Which bias involves attributing success to oneself and failure to external factors?
Self-serving attribution enhancement bias pattern
Fundamental attribution error cognitive bias
Actor-observer attribution discrepancy effect
Just-world belief cognitive distortion model
Explanation - Self-serving bias attributes successes internally and failures externally.
Correct answer is: Self-serving attribution enhancement bias pattern
Q.18 Which concept describes pressure to conform due to desire for accuracy in ambiguous situations?
Informational social influence uncertainty reduction
Normative social influence acceptance motivation
Compliance authority-driven obedience behavior
Internalized moral standard alignment process
Explanation - Informational influence occurs when people conform because they believe others are correct.
Correct answer is: Informational social influence uncertainty reduction
Q.19 What best explains rapid attitude formation based on single prominent traits?
Halo effect global impression generalization
Anchoring heuristic adjustment bias effect
Availability heuristic memory retrieval bias
Confirmation bias selective evidence processing
Explanation - The halo effect occurs when one trait influences overall impression formation.
Correct answer is: Halo effect global impression generalization
Q.20 Which theory explains behavior as a result of expected rewards and costs in social interaction?
Social exchange theory cost benefit analysis
Cognitive dissonance reduction theory model
Social identity categorization framework theory
Elaboration likelihood persuasion model theory
Explanation - Social exchange theory views relationships as based on reward-cost evaluations.
Correct answer is: Social exchange theory cost benefit analysis
Q.21 Which phenomenon describes belief strengthening after exposure to contradictory evidence?
Backfire effect belief reinforcement paradox
Primacy effect initial information dominance
Recency effect recent information dominance
Anchoring adjustment insufficient correction bias
Explanation - The backfire effect occurs when contradictory evidence strengthens existing beliefs.
Correct answer is: Backfire effect belief reinforcement paradox
Q.22 Which concept involves expectation that individuals will behave consistently with their group stereotypes?
Stereotype-based expectation confirmation bias
Self-fulfilling prophecy behavioral reinforcement
Actor-observer attribution discrepancy model
Social facilitation performance expectation effect
Explanation - Self-fulfilling prophecy occurs when expectations influence behavior that confirms those expectations.
Correct answer is: Self-fulfilling prophecy behavioral reinforcement
Q.23 Which term describes resistance to attitude change due to prior commitment?
Commitment consistency escalation effect
Cognitive dissonance resolution mechanism
Informational influence reduction process
Peripheral persuasion cue resistance
Explanation - Prior commitment increases resistance to changing attitudes or decisions.
Correct answer is: Commitment consistency escalation effect
Q.24 Which concept explains reduced helping behavior in urban environments due to high population density?
Urban overload bystander apathy effect
Social facilitation performance enhancement
Group polarization extremity shift
Normative conformity pressure increase
Explanation - High population density can lead to reduced helping due to overload and diffusion of responsibility.
Correct answer is: Urban overload bystander apathy effect