Q.1 What is the primary action of insulin in the body?
Increases blood sugar levels
Decreases blood sugar levels
Stimulates protein synthesis
Increases fat storage
Explanation - Insulin is a hormone that lowers blood glucose levels by promoting the uptake of glucose into cells.
Correct answer is: Decreases blood sugar levels
Q.2 Which of the following drugs is commonly used for the treatment of hyperthyroidism?
Levothyroxine
Methimazole
Prednisone
Insulin
Explanation - Methimazole inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis and is used to treat hyperthyroidism.
Correct answer is: Methimazole
Q.3 What is the mechanism of action of metformin in diabetes?
Increases insulin secretion
Increases insulin sensitivity
Increases glucose absorption
Decreases glucose production in the liver
Explanation - Metformin works primarily by reducing hepatic glucose production and improving insulin sensitivity.
Correct answer is: Decreases glucose production in the liver
Q.4 Which drug class is commonly prescribed for managing hypothyroidism?
Beta blockers
Corticosteroids
Thyroid hormone replacement
ACE inhibitors
Explanation - Levothyroxine, a synthetic form of thyroid hormone, is the standard treatment for hypothyroidism.
Correct answer is: Thyroid hormone replacement
Q.5 Which of the following is a side effect of long-term corticosteroid therapy?
Weight loss
Hypoglycemia
Osteoporosis
Bradycardia
Explanation - Corticosteroids, when used long-term, can lead to bone loss and osteoporosis due to their effect on calcium metabolism.
Correct answer is: Osteoporosis
Q.6 Which hormone is produced by the adrenal medulla?
Aldosterone
Cortisol
Epinephrine
Thyroxine
Explanation - The adrenal medulla produces epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine, which are involved in the body's stress response.
Correct answer is: Epinephrine
Q.7 What is the role of glucocorticoids in the body?
Regulate salt balance
Reduce inflammation
Stimulate insulin production
Increase red blood cell production
Explanation - Glucocorticoids, such as cortisol, play a major role in reducing inflammation and regulating the immune response.
Correct answer is: Reduce inflammation
Q.8 Which of the following is a common side effect of thyroid hormone therapy?
Hypotension
Increased appetite
Dry mouth
Hyperactivity
Explanation - Thyroid hormone therapy can lead to symptoms of hyperthyroidism, such as hyperactivity or nervousness, if the dose is too high.
Correct answer is: Hyperactivity
Q.9 Which medication is used to treat Addison's disease?
Hydrocortisone
Metformin
Insulin
Prednisone
Explanation - Hydrocortisone is used in the treatment of Addison's disease, a disorder of the adrenal glands that causes low cortisol levels.
Correct answer is: Hydrocortisone
Q.10 Which class of drugs is used to treat osteoporosis by inhibiting bone resorption?
Proton pump inhibitors
Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs)
Bisphosphonates
Antibiotics
Explanation - Bisphosphonates, such as alendronate, are used to treat osteoporosis by inhibiting bone resorption.
Correct answer is: Bisphosphonates
Q.11 What is the primary function of aldosterone?
Regulates calcium levels
Stimulates the release of insulin
Regulates sodium and potassium balance
Regulates glucose metabolism
Explanation - Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid that regulates sodium and potassium balance by promoting sodium retention and potassium excretion in the kidneys.
Correct answer is: Regulates sodium and potassium balance
Q.12 Which of the following drugs is used in the management of Type 2 diabetes?
Aspirin
Metformin
Statins
Warfarin
Explanation - Metformin is the first-line treatment for Type 2 diabetes, as it improves insulin sensitivity and decreases hepatic glucose production.
Correct answer is: Metformin
Q.13 Which of the following is a common adverse effect of insulin therapy?
Hyperkalemia
Hypoglycemia
Hypertension
Dehydration
Explanation - Insulin therapy can cause hypoglycemia if the dose is too high or if meals are skipped.
Correct answer is: Hypoglycemia
Q.14 Which drug is used to treat acromegaly?
Somatostatin analogs
Insulin
Glucocorticoids
Methimazole
Explanation - Somatostatin analogs, such as octreotide, are used to treat acromegaly by inhibiting growth hormone secretion.
Correct answer is: Somatostatin analogs
Q.15 Which of the following is a major effect of estrogen therapy?
Increased blood pressure
Decreased bone density
Increased risk of breast cancer
Improved glucose tolerance
Explanation - Estrogen therapy can increase the risk of breast cancer, especially when used long-term or in combination with progestin.
Correct answer is: Increased risk of breast cancer
Q.16 Which of the following medications is used to treat diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?
Insulin
Thyroid hormone
Prednisone
Metformin
Explanation - Insulin is the primary treatment for diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), as it helps to reduce blood glucose levels and stop the production of ketones.
Correct answer is: Insulin
Q.17 Which of the following is a common side effect of thiazolidinediones used in diabetes management?
Weight gain
Hypertension
Nausea
Insomnia
Explanation - Thiazolidinediones, such as pioglitazone, can cause weight gain due to fluid retention and increased fat deposition.
Correct answer is: Weight gain
Q.18 Which of the following is a rapid-acting insulin used to control postprandial blood glucose levels?
Insulin glargine
Insulin detemir
Insulin lispro
NPH insulin
Explanation - Insulin lispro is a rapid-acting insulin analog that starts working within 15 minutes and is used to control postprandial glucose spikes.
Correct answer is: Insulin lispro
Q.19 Which drug is commonly used as first-line therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus?
Metformin
Glibenclamide
Pioglitazone
Insulin
Explanation - Metformin is a biguanide that decreases hepatic glucose production and increases insulin sensitivity. It is the first-line oral therapy for type 2 diabetes.
Correct answer is: Metformin
Q.20 Which of the following drugs is a GLP-1 receptor agonist?
Sitagliptin
Exenatide
Pioglitazone
Metformin
Explanation - Exenatide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist that enhances insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner and delays gastric emptying.
Correct answer is: Exenatide
Q.21 Which medication is a selective aldosterone receptor antagonist used in heart failure?
Spironolactone
Furosemide
Eplerenone
Hydrochlorothiazide
Explanation - Eplerenone selectively blocks aldosterone receptors, reducing sodium and water retention. It is used in heart failure and post-myocardial infarction management.
Correct answer is: Eplerenone
Q.22 Propylthiouracil (PTU) inhibits which thyroid hormone-related process?
Iodide uptake
Thyroid hormone synthesis
Thyroid hormone release
Peripheral conversion of T4 to T3
Explanation - PTU inhibits thyroid peroxidase, reducing hormone synthesis, and also inhibits peripheral conversion of T4 to the more active T3.
Correct answer is: Peripheral conversion of T4 to T3
Q.23 Which of the following drugs is used to treat hypercalcemia by inhibiting osteoclast activity?
Calcitonin
Teriparatide
Alendronate
Vitamin D3
Explanation - Calcitonin lowers blood calcium by inhibiting osteoclast-mediated bone resorption and increasing renal calcium excretion.
Correct answer is: Calcitonin
Q.24 Which drug class is used to reduce cortisol synthesis in Cushing's syndrome?
Thiazide diuretics
Ketoconazole
Metformin
Spironolactone
Explanation - Ketoconazole inhibits adrenal steroidogenesis by blocking several enzymes in cortisol synthesis and is used in Cushing's syndrome.
Correct answer is: Ketoconazole
Q.25 Which drug is a DPP-4 inhibitor used to enhance endogenous incretin levels in type 2 diabetes?
Sitagliptin
Exenatide
Metformin
Acarbose
Explanation - Sitagliptin inhibits dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4), prolonging GLP-1 activity and enhancing glucose-dependent insulin secretion.
Correct answer is: Sitagliptin
Q.26 Which of the following is a synthetic analogue of parathyroid hormone used in osteoporosis?
Teriparatide
Calcitonin
Alendronate
Raloxifene
Explanation - Teriparatide is a recombinant form of PTH that stimulates osteoblast activity and bone formation, used in severe osteoporosis.
Correct answer is: Teriparatide
Q.27 Which anti-thyroid drug can cause agranulocytosis as a serious side effect?
Methimazole
Levothyroxine
Liothyronine
Potassium iodide
Explanation - Methimazole inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis and may rarely cause agranulocytosis, a potentially life-threatening decrease in white blood cells.
Correct answer is: Methimazole
Q.28 Which drug is primarily used to treat hypoglycemia due to insulin overdose?
Glucagon
Insulin lispro
Metformin
Sitagliptin
Explanation - Glucagon stimulates hepatic glycogenolysis, increasing blood glucose and is used in emergency treatment of severe hypoglycemia.
Correct answer is: Glucagon
Q.29 Which of the following drugs is a SGLT2 inhibitor used to lower blood glucose by increasing urinary glucose excretion?
Canagliflozin
Metformin
Pioglitazone
Sitagliptin
Explanation - SGLT2 inhibitors block glucose reabsorption in the renal proximal tubule, causing glycosuria and lowering blood glucose levels.
Correct answer is: Canagliflozin
Q.30 Which corticosteroid is considered a mineralocorticoid with strong sodium-retaining properties?
Hydrocortisone
Prednisolone
Fludrocortisone
Dexamethasone
Explanation - Fludrocortisone has potent mineralocorticoid activity, promoting sodium retention and potassium excretion, used in Addison's disease.
Correct answer is: Fludrocortisone
Q.31 Which drug is used in acromegaly to inhibit growth hormone release?
Octreotide
Insulin
Metformin
Levothyroxine
Explanation - Octreotide is a somatostatin analogue that inhibits growth hormone secretion from the pituitary, used in acromegaly treatment.
Correct answer is: Octreotide
Q.32 Which oral hypoglycemic agent stimulates insulin release by closing potassium channels in pancreatic beta cells?
Glibenclamide
Metformin
Acarbose
Sitagliptin
Explanation - Glibenclamide is a sulfonylurea that closes ATP-sensitive potassium channels in beta cells, triggering insulin secretion.
Correct answer is: Glibenclamide
Q.33 Which drug is used as emergency therapy for myxedema coma?
Levothyroxine
Methimazole
Propylthiouracil
Hydrocortisone
Explanation - Levothyroxine, a synthetic T4, is administered in myxedema coma to restore thyroid hormone levels urgently.
Correct answer is: Levothyroxine
Q.34 Which of the following is an amylin analogue used in diabetes management?
Pramlintide
Exenatide
Metformin
Sitagliptin
Explanation - Pramlintide mimics amylin, slowing gastric emptying, suppressing glucagon, and reducing postprandial glucose levels in diabetes.
Correct answer is: Pramlintide
Q.35 Which drug is a thiazolidinedione that improves insulin sensitivity via PPAR-gamma activation?
Pioglitazone
Metformin
Glibenclamide
Canagliflozin
Explanation - Pioglitazone activates PPAR-gamma receptors in adipose tissue, improving insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues for type 2 diabetes.
Correct answer is: Pioglitazone
Q.36 Which of the following drugs is used in the treatment of osteoporosis and acts as a selective estrogen receptor modulator?
Raloxifene
Teriparatide
Calcitonin
Alendronate
Explanation - Raloxifene acts as an estrogen agonist on bone to prevent resorption, while acting as an antagonist in breast and uterine tissue.
Correct answer is: Raloxifene
Q.37 Which drug is used to treat hyperthyroidism by inhibiting thyroid hormone release via Wolff-Chaikoff effect?
Potassium iodide
Methimazole
Levothyroxine
Liothyronine
Explanation - Potassium iodide acutely inhibits thyroid hormone release and gland vascularity via the Wolff-Chaikoff effect, used in thyroid storm.
Correct answer is: Potassium iodide
Q.38 Which drug can be used to reduce adrenal androgen production in congenital adrenal hyperplasia?
Hydrocortisone
Metformin
Insulin
Octreotide
Explanation - Hydrocortisone provides negative feedback on ACTH, reducing adrenal androgen production in congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
Correct answer is: Hydrocortisone
Q.39 Which drug used in diabetes inhibits intestinal alpha-glucosidase enzymes to reduce postprandial hyperglycemia?
Acarbose
Metformin
Sitagliptin
Glibenclamide
Explanation - Acarbose delays carbohydrate digestion by inhibiting alpha-glucosidase, reducing postprandial glucose spikes.
Correct answer is: Acarbose
Q.40 Which drug is used as a pituitary antagonist to treat SIADH?
Tolvaptan
Desmopressin
Octreotide
Hydrocortisone
Explanation - Tolvaptan is a vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist that promotes free water excretion in SIADH without losing electrolytes.
Correct answer is: Tolvaptan
Q.41 Which drug is an oral agent that reduces hepatic glucose output and increases peripheral glucose uptake?
Metformin
Glibenclamide
Pioglitazone
Canagliflozin
Explanation - Metformin reduces hepatic gluconeogenesis and increases insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues, lowering blood glucose levels.
Correct answer is: Metformin
Q.42 Which of the following drugs is a synthetic glucocorticoid with minimal mineralocorticoid activity?
Dexamethasone
Hydrocortisone
Fludrocortisone
Prednisone
Explanation - Dexamethasone is a potent synthetic glucocorticoid with negligible mineralocorticoid effect, used in anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive therapy.
Correct answer is: Dexamethasone