Q.1 Which of the following is the most common cause of myocardial infarction?
Atherosclerosis of coronary arteries
Viral infection
Hypertension
Rheumatic fever
Explanation - Myocardial infarction usually occurs due to obstruction of a coronary artery, most commonly caused by atherosclerotic plaque rupture and subsequent thrombus formation.
Correct answer is: Atherosclerosis of coronary arteries
Q.2 Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is responsible for hemolytic disease of the newborn?
Type I
Type II
Type III
Type IV
Explanation - Hemolytic disease of the newborn is caused by maternal IgG antibodies against fetal red blood cell antigens, which is a type II (cytotoxic) hypersensitivity reaction.
Correct answer is: Type II
Q.3 Which of the following is a characteristic histological feature of chronic hepatitis?
Ballooning degeneration
Councilman bodies
Lymphocytic infiltration and fibrosis
Steatosis
Explanation - Chronic hepatitis is characterized by persistent liver inflammation with lymphocytic infiltration and progressive fibrosis, which may lead to cirrhosis.
Correct answer is: Lymphocytic infiltration and fibrosis
Q.4 Which type of necrosis is most commonly seen in tuberculosis?
Coagulative necrosis
Liquefactive necrosis
Caseous necrosis
Fat necrosis
Explanation - Tuberculosis causes granulomatous inflammation with central caseous necrosis, characterized by a cheese-like appearance of tissue.
Correct answer is: Caseous necrosis
Q.5 In which condition are 'Heberden's nodes' commonly found?
Rheumatoid arthritis
Osteoarthritis
Gout
Psoriatic arthritis
Explanation - Heberden's nodes are bony swellings of distal interphalangeal joints, typically seen in osteoarthritis due to joint degeneration.
Correct answer is: Osteoarthritis
Q.6 Which of the following is the hallmark lesion of atherosclerosis?
Foam cells
Fibrinoid necrosis
Granulomas
Amyloid deposits
Explanation - Foam cells are lipid-laden macrophages and represent an early atherosclerotic lesion called a fatty streak.
Correct answer is: Foam cells
Q.7 Which type of shock is caused by massive hemorrhage?
Cardiogenic shock
Hypovolemic shock
Septic shock
Anaphylactic shock
Explanation - Hypovolemic shock results from a significant loss of blood or fluids, leading to inadequate tissue perfusion and oxygenation.
Correct answer is: Hypovolemic shock
Q.8 Which tumor marker is most commonly elevated in hepatocellular carcinoma?
CA-125
CEA
AFP
PSA
Explanation - Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is a tumor marker that is often elevated in hepatocellular carcinoma and certain germ cell tumors.
Correct answer is: AFP
Q.9 Which of the following is the most common site for metastasis of prostate carcinoma?
Liver
Lung
Bone
Brain
Explanation - Prostate carcinoma commonly metastasizes to the axial skeleton, particularly the lumbar spine, pelvis, and ribs, leading to osteoblastic lesions.
Correct answer is: Bone
Q.10 Which of the following is a feature of nephrotic syndrome?
Hematuria
Edema and proteinuria
Hypertension and oliguria
Polyuria
Explanation - Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by heavy proteinuria (>3.5 g/day), hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and generalized edema.
Correct answer is: Edema and proteinuria
Q.11 Which of the following is the main cell type involved in chronic inflammation?
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Lymphocytes and macrophages
Basophils
Explanation - Chronic inflammation is characterized by infiltration with lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages rather than neutrophils, which dominate acute inflammation.
Correct answer is: Lymphocytes and macrophages
Q.12 Which of the following is the most common primary malignant brain tumor in adults?
Meningioma
Glioblastoma multiforme
Medulloblastoma
Oligodendroglioma
Explanation - Glioblastoma multiforme is an aggressive astrocytic tumor and the most common primary malignant brain tumor in adults.
Correct answer is: Glioblastoma multiforme
Q.13 Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is responsible for serum sickness?
Type I
Type II
Type III
Type IV
Explanation - Serum sickness is caused by immune complex-mediated tissue injury, which is a type III hypersensitivity reaction.
Correct answer is: Type III
Q.14 Which of the following is the most common cause of acute pancreatitis?
Alcohol abuse and gallstones
Viral infection
Trauma
Medications
Explanation - Acute pancreatitis is most commonly caused by gallstones obstructing the pancreatic duct or excessive alcohol intake.
Correct answer is: Alcohol abuse and gallstones
Q.15 Which of the following is characteristic of rheumatoid arthritis on histology?
Pannus formation
Osteophytes
Caseating granulomas
Urate crystals
Explanation - Rheumatoid arthritis is characterized by chronic synovial inflammation and formation of pannus, which erodes cartilage and bone.
Correct answer is: Pannus formation
Q.16 Which type of cell is primarily involved in allergic asthma?
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Macrophages
T-lymphocytes
Explanation - Eosinophils are prominent in the inflammatory response of allergic asthma, releasing mediators that contribute to airway hyperreactivity.
Correct answer is: Eosinophils
Q.17 Which of the following is a typical feature of chronic venous insufficiency in the leg?
Pitting edema and hyperpigmentation
Gangrene
Cold, pale limb
Acute swelling without pigmentation
Explanation - Chronic venous insufficiency causes pooling of blood, leading to edema, hemosiderin deposition, and skin hyperpigmentation.
Correct answer is: Pitting edema and hyperpigmentation
Q.18 Which of the following types of necrosis is most commonly associated with acute pancreatitis?
Coagulative necrosis
Liquefactive necrosis
Fat necrosis
Caseous necrosis
Explanation - In acute pancreatitis, pancreatic enzymes digest fat tissue, causing saponification, which is recognized as fat necrosis.
Correct answer is: Fat necrosis
Q.19 Which of the following is a feature of Wegener's granulomatosis (Granulomatosis with polyangiitis)?
Necrotizing granulomas of respiratory tract
Non-caseating granulomas of lung only
Vascular thrombosis without inflammation
Amyloid deposition
Explanation - Wegener's granulomatosis is characterized by necrotizing granulomas in the respiratory tract and systemic vasculitis affecting kidneys and other organs.
Correct answer is: Necrotizing granulomas of respiratory tract
Q.20 Which of the following is the most common cause of pulmonary embolism?
Air embolism
Fat embolism
Deep vein thrombosis
Septic emboli
Explanation - Most pulmonary emboli originate from thrombi in the deep veins of the legs (DVT), which can dislodge and travel to the lungs.
Correct answer is: Deep vein thrombosis
Q.21 Which of the following tumors is most commonly associated with a 'fried-egg' appearance on histology?
Oligodendroglioma
Glioblastoma
Medulloblastoma
Meningioma
Explanation - Oligodendrogliomas display a characteristic 'fried-egg' appearance due to uniform round nuclei with clear perinuclear halos.
Correct answer is: Oligodendroglioma
Q.22 Which of the following is a common histological feature of chronic kidney disease?
Glomerular sclerosis and tubular atrophy
Acute tubular necrosis
Interstitial hemorrhage
Fatty liver infiltration
Explanation - Chronic kidney disease shows progressive glomerulosclerosis, tubular atrophy, and interstitial fibrosis on histology.
Correct answer is: Glomerular sclerosis and tubular atrophy
Q.23 Which type of hypersensitivity reaction mediates contact dermatitis?
Type I
Type II
Type III
Type IV
Explanation - Contact dermatitis is a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction mediated by T-lymphocytes, classified as type IV.
Correct answer is: Type IV
Q.24 Which of the following is a common cause of acute tubular necrosis?
Ischemia and nephrotoxic drugs
Autoimmune disease
Viral infection
Bacterial sepsis
Explanation - Acute tubular necrosis results from ischemic injury (e.g., shock) or nephrotoxins such as aminoglycosides, contrast agents, and heavy metals.
Correct answer is: Ischemia and nephrotoxic drugs
Q.25 Which of the following is characteristic of classic Hodgkin lymphoma?
Reed-Sternberg cells
Starry-sky pattern
Lymphoid follicles with germinal centers
Sheets of small lymphocytes only
Explanation - Classic Hodgkin lymphoma is diagnosed by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells, which are large, binucleated or multinucleated B lymphocytes.
Correct answer is: Reed-Sternberg cells