Q.1 Which of the following is a characteristic feature of benign tumors?
Rapid growth with metastasis
Well-differentiated cells and slow growth
Invasion of surrounding tissues
Anaplasia and pleomorphism
Explanation - Benign tumors usually grow slowly, are well-differentiated, and do not invade surrounding tissues or metastasize.
Correct answer is: Well-differentiated cells and slow growth
Q.2 The process by which cancer cells spread to distant sites is called:
Differentiation
Metastasis
Hyperplasia
Dysplasia
Explanation - Metastasis refers to the spread of malignant cells from the primary site to distant organs or tissues.
Correct answer is: Metastasis
Q.3 Which tumor marker is most commonly elevated in hepatocellular carcinoma?
CA-125
AFP (Alpha-fetoprotein)
CEA (Carcinoembryonic antigen)
PSA (Prostate-specific antigen)
Explanation - AFP is a serum marker often elevated in hepatocellular carcinoma and certain germ cell tumors.
Correct answer is: AFP (Alpha-fetoprotein)
Q.4 Which of the following is a hallmark of malignant tumors?
Encapsulation
Slow growth
Invasion and metastasis
Well-differentiated cells
Explanation - Malignant tumors invade surrounding tissues and can metastasize to distant organs, unlike benign tumors.
Correct answer is: Invasion and metastasis
Q.5 Which term describes an increase in the number of normal cells in a tissue?
Hyperplasia
Metaplasia
Dysplasia
Anaplasia
Explanation - Hyperplasia is the controlled increase in the number of cells in a tissue, often reversible, unlike dysplasia.
Correct answer is: Hyperplasia
Q.6 The term 'anaplasia' in tumors refers to:
Increased cell differentiation
Loss of differentiation and cellular atypia
Controlled growth
Benign nature
Explanation - Anaplasia is a feature of malignant tumors, indicating loss of differentiation and abnormal cell morphology.
Correct answer is: Loss of differentiation and cellular atypia
Q.7 Which of the following is an example of a benign epithelial tumor?
Adenoma
Carcinoma
Sarcoma
Melanoma
Explanation - Adenomas are benign tumors arising from glandular epithelium.
Correct answer is: Adenoma
Q.8 Which type of tumor arises from mesenchymal tissue?
Sarcoma
Carcinoma
Adenoma
Lymphoma
Explanation - Sarcomas are malignant tumors derived from mesenchymal tissues such as bone, muscle, fat, or connective tissue.
Correct answer is: Sarcoma
Q.9 Which of the following best describes a carcinoma in situ?
Invasive malignant tumor
Benign tumor
Premalignant lesion confined to epithelium
Metastatic tumor
Explanation - Carcinoma in situ refers to abnormal epithelial cells that have not breached the basement membrane.
Correct answer is: Premalignant lesion confined to epithelium
Q.10 What is the most common genetic mutation associated with many cancers?
BRCA1/2 mutation
p53 mutation
HBB mutation
CFTR mutation
Explanation - p53 is a tumor suppressor gene, and its mutation is implicated in numerous cancers, leading to loss of cell cycle control.
Correct answer is: p53 mutation
Q.11 Which of the following is considered a hallmark of cancer according to Hanahan and Weinberg?
Ability to evade apoptosis
Slow growth
Encapsulation
Lack of angiogenesis
Explanation - Evading programmed cell death (apoptosis) is one of the hallmarks that allows cancer cells to survive and proliferate abnormally.
Correct answer is: Ability to evade apoptosis
Q.12 Which type of tumor is most likely to metastasize via the lymphatic system?
Carcinoma
Sarcoma
Glioma
Leukemia
Explanation - Carcinomas, which arise from epithelial cells, often spread through lymphatic vessels to regional lymph nodes.
Correct answer is: Carcinoma
Q.13 Which term describes abnormal growth with disordered cellular architecture, often pre-cancerous?
Hyperplasia
Dysplasia
Metaplasia
Neoplasia
Explanation - Dysplasia indicates abnormal, potentially pre-malignant cellular changes, including variation in size, shape, and organization.
Correct answer is: Dysplasia
Q.14 Which of the following is a common environmental risk factor for cancer?
Tobacco smoking
Vitamin C intake
Physical exercise
Balanced diet
Explanation - Tobacco smoke contains carcinogens that significantly increase the risk of multiple cancers, especially lung cancer.
Correct answer is: Tobacco smoking
Q.15 Which of the following is a benign tumor of adipose tissue?
Lipoma
Liposarcoma
Fibroma
Chondroma
Explanation - Lipomas are benign tumors composed of mature fat cells, commonly occurring in subcutaneous tissue.
Correct answer is: Lipoma
Q.16 Which feature differentiates a malignant tumor from a benign one?
Encapsulation
Slow growth
Presence of metastasis
Well-differentiated cells
Explanation - Metastasis is a definitive feature of malignancy, whereas benign tumors do not spread to distant sites.
Correct answer is: Presence of metastasis
Q.17 Which of the following tumors is derived from epithelial glandular tissue?
Adenocarcinoma
Osteosarcoma
Lipoma
Fibrosarcoma
Explanation - Adenocarcinomas are malignant tumors originating from glandular epithelium.
Correct answer is: Adenocarcinoma
Q.18 Which of the following is a common paraneoplastic syndrome associated with lung cancer?
Hypercalcemia
Hypoglycemia
Hyponatremia
All of the above
Explanation - Lung cancers can cause various paraneoplastic syndromes including hypercalcemia, hyponatremia (SIADH), and hypoglycemia.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.19 Which of the following is true about tumor grading?
It evaluates the size of the tumor
It assesses cellular differentiation and atypia
It determines metastasis sites
It measures tumor markers
Explanation - Tumor grading reflects how much tumor cells resemble normal tissue (differentiation) and their degree of atypia.
Correct answer is: It assesses cellular differentiation and atypia
Q.20 Which of the following is a hereditary cancer syndrome?
Li-Fraumeni syndrome
Type 2 diabetes
Parkinson’s disease
Alzheimer’s disease
Explanation - Li-Fraumeni syndrome is a hereditary disorder caused by germline mutations in the p53 gene, predisposing to multiple cancers.
Correct answer is: Li-Fraumeni syndrome
Q.21 Which of the following best describes a hamartoma?
Malignant tumor of epithelial origin
Benign disorganized growth of tissue native to the site
Metastatic tumor
Inflammatory lesion
Explanation - Hamartomas are benign, localized overgrowths of cells normally found at the site, but arranged in a disorganized manner.
Correct answer is: Benign disorganized growth of tissue native to the site
Q.22 Which of the following is a tumor of melanocytes?
Melanoma
Lymphoma
Glioma
Adenoma
Explanation - Melanoma is a malignant tumor arising from melanocytes, often associated with UV exposure.
Correct answer is: Melanoma
Q.23 The 'TNM' system is used for:
Tumor grading
Tumor staging
Genetic analysis
Serum marker measurement
Explanation - The TNM system classifies cancer based on Tumor size, Node involvement, and Metastasis, aiding in prognosis and treatment planning.
Correct answer is: Tumor staging
Q.24 Which of the following is a malignant tumor of plasma cells?
Multiple myeloma
Leukemia
Lymphoma
Fibrosarcoma
Explanation - Multiple myeloma is a malignant proliferation of plasma cells, often causing bone lesions and hypercalcemia.
Correct answer is: Multiple myeloma
Q.25 Which of the following is true regarding angiogenesis in tumors?
It is unnecessary for tumor growth
It is induced by VEGF and other growth factors
It inhibits tumor progression
It occurs only in benign tumors
Explanation - Tumor angiogenesis is essential for providing nutrients and oxygen to growing tumors, mainly mediated by VEGF.
Correct answer is: It is induced by VEGF and other growth factors