Q.1 What is pathology primarily the study of?
Diseases
Drugs
Anatomy
Surgery
Explanation - Pathology is the study of diseases, their causes, mechanisms, and effects on the body.
Correct answer is: Diseases
Q.2 Which branch of pathology studies structural changes in tissues?
Clinical Pathology
Histopathology
Immunology
Biochemistry
Explanation - Histopathology deals with microscopic examination of tissue changes caused by disease.
Correct answer is: Histopathology
Q.3 Who is considered the father of modern pathology?
Louis Pasteur
Rudolf Virchow
Robert Koch
Hippocrates
Explanation - Rudolf Virchow is regarded as the father of modern pathology for his contributions to cellular pathology.
Correct answer is: Rudolf Virchow
Q.4 Which of the following describes etiology?
Cause of disease
Spread of disease
Study of tissues
Treatment of disease
Explanation - Etiology refers to the study of the cause or origin of a disease.
Correct answer is: Cause of disease
Q.5 What does pathogenesis refer to?
Origin of a disease
Progression and development of disease
Treatment of disease
End stage of disease
Explanation - Pathogenesis explains how a disease develops and progresses in the body.
Correct answer is: Progression and development of disease
Q.6 Which of the following is NOT a cardinal sign of inflammation?
Redness
Heat
Swelling
Necrosis
Explanation - Necrosis is cell death, not one of the classical signs of inflammation (redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function).
Correct answer is: Necrosis
Q.7 Which type of necrosis is typically seen in tuberculosis?
Liquefactive
Coagulative
Caseous
Fat necrosis
Explanation - Caseous necrosis, resembling cheese, is commonly associated with tuberculosis.
Correct answer is: Caseous
Q.8 What is hypertrophy?
Increase in cell number
Decrease in cell size
Increase in cell size
Cell death
Explanation - Hypertrophy is an increase in the size of individual cells, leading to enlargement of an organ.
Correct answer is: Increase in cell size
Q.9 Atrophy is defined as:
Increase in cell number
Shrinkage of cells
Irreversible cell death
New growth formation
Explanation - Atrophy is a decrease in the size of cells, tissues, or organs, often due to reduced workload or aging.
Correct answer is: Shrinkage of cells
Q.10 Which of the following is an example of metaplasia?
Normal liver turning fibrotic
Cervical epithelium changing from columnar to squamous
Hypertrophy of cardiac muscle
Necrosis in brain cells
Explanation - Metaplasia is the reversible change of one adult cell type to another, often due to chronic irritation.
Correct answer is: Cervical epithelium changing from columnar to squamous
Q.11 Which of the following is a reversible cell injury?
Necrosis
Apoptosis
Fatty change
Gangrene
Explanation - Fatty change (steatosis) is often reversible if the underlying cause is corrected.
Correct answer is: Fatty change
Q.12 Which pigment accumulates in tissues as a result of aging and oxidative stress?
Melanin
Hemosiderin
Lipofuscin
Bilirubin
Explanation - Lipofuscin is a 'wear and tear' pigment that accumulates with age due to lipid peroxidation.
Correct answer is: Lipofuscin
Q.13 What is the main difference between necrosis and apoptosis?
Necrosis is programmed, apoptosis is accidental
Apoptosis is programmed, necrosis is accidental
Both are accidental
Both are programmed
Explanation - Apoptosis is a regulated, programmed cell death process, while necrosis is uncontrolled cell death due to injury.
Correct answer is: Apoptosis is programmed, necrosis is accidental
Q.14 Which of the following is an example of coagulative necrosis?
Myocardial infarction
Brain infarction
Tuberculosis
Pancreatitis
Explanation - Coagulative necrosis is typically seen in ischemic conditions such as myocardial infarction.
Correct answer is: Myocardial infarction
Q.15 What is the study of disease patterns in populations called?
Histology
Epidemiology
Cytology
Microbiology
Explanation - Epidemiology studies the distribution and determinants of diseases in populations.
Correct answer is: Epidemiology
Q.16 Which type of inflammation is characterized by pus formation?
Serous
Fibrinous
Suppurative
Granulomatous
Explanation - Suppurative (purulent) inflammation involves pus formation, usually due to bacterial infections.
Correct answer is: Suppurative
Q.17 What type of cells are giant cells commonly seen in?
Granulomas
Muscle fibers
Neurons
Blood vessels
Explanation - Giant cells are multinucleated cells typically seen in granulomatous inflammation such as tuberculosis.
Correct answer is: Granulomas
Q.18 Which of the following is a systemic effect of inflammation?
Fever
Redness
Swelling
Pain
Explanation - Fever is a systemic response to inflammatory mediators, while redness, swelling, and pain are local effects.
Correct answer is: Fever
Q.19 Which cell type is the first responder in acute inflammation?
Lymphocytes
Macrophages
Neutrophils
Plasma cells
Explanation - Neutrophils are the first cells to migrate to the site of acute inflammation to fight infection.
Correct answer is: Neutrophils
Q.20 Which immunoglobulin is primarily responsible for immediate hypersensitivity reactions?
IgA
IgM
IgE
IgG
Explanation - IgE mediates allergic reactions by binding to mast cells and basophils, causing histamine release.
Correct answer is: IgE
Q.21 What is the medical term for programmed cell death?
Necrosis
Apoptosis
Lysis
Fibrosis
Explanation - Apoptosis is the physiological process of programmed cell death to remove unwanted cells.
Correct answer is: Apoptosis
Q.22 Which of the following can cause fatty liver?
Excessive alcohol intake
Vitamin C deficiency
Hyperthyroidism
Iron deficiency
Explanation - Alcohol abuse is a major cause of fatty liver due to impaired fat metabolism.
Correct answer is: Excessive alcohol intake
Q.23 Which pathological condition is characterized by deposition of calcium in dead or degenerated tissue?
Dystrophic calcification
Metastatic calcification
Hypercalcemia
Hemochromatosis
Explanation - Dystrophic calcification occurs in necrotic tissues despite normal blood calcium levels.
Correct answer is: Dystrophic calcification
Q.24 Which type of gangrene is typically associated with diabetes?
Dry gangrene
Wet gangrene
Gas gangrene
Fournier’s gangrene
Explanation - Diabetic patients are prone to wet gangrene due to poor blood supply and infections.
Correct answer is: Wet gangrene
Q.25 What is a granuloma mainly composed of?
Neutrophils
Fibroblasts
Epithelioid cells and giant cells
Mast cells
Explanation - Granulomas are chronic inflammatory structures mainly consisting of epithelioid macrophages and multinucleated giant cells.
Correct answer is: Epithelioid cells and giant cells