Q.1 Which of the following is the cardinal sign of inflammation described by Celsus?
Pain
Redness
Loss of function
Swelling
Explanation - Celsus described four cardinal signs of inflammation: Redness, Swelling, Heat, and Pain. Loss of function was added later by Virchow.
Correct answer is: Redness
Q.2 Which chemical mediator is primarily responsible for vasodilation in acute inflammation?
Histamine
Bradykinin
Prostaglandin E2
Leukotriene B4
Explanation - Histamine, released from mast cells, basophils, and platelets, is the main mediator of vasodilation in acute inflammation.
Correct answer is: Histamine
Q.3 Neutrophils are the predominant cells in which stage of inflammation?
Chronic inflammation
Early acute inflammation
Late acute inflammation
Resolution phase
Explanation - Neutrophils are the first leukocytes to migrate to the site of acute inflammation, dominating the early response.
Correct answer is: Early acute inflammation
Q.4 Which of the following mediators causes pain during inflammation?
Histamine
Prostaglandin E2
Interleukin-1
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha
Explanation - Prostaglandin E2 sensitizes nerve endings, leading to the pain associated with inflammation.
Correct answer is: Prostaglandin E2
Q.5 Which enzyme is responsible for producing reactive oxygen species in neutrophils?
Myeloperoxidase
NADPH oxidase
Catalase
Superoxide dismutase
Explanation - NADPH oxidase initiates the respiratory burst in neutrophils, generating reactive oxygen species that kill microbes.
Correct answer is: NADPH oxidase
Q.6 Granulomatous inflammation is characterized by the presence of:
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Activated macrophages
Basophils
Explanation - Granulomatous inflammation involves activated macrophages, often with epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells.
Correct answer is: Activated macrophages
Q.7 Which complement component is the most potent chemoattractant for neutrophils?
C3a
C5a
C4b
C1q
Explanation - C5a is a powerful chemoattractant that directs neutrophil migration to sites of inflammation.
Correct answer is: C5a
Q.8 What is the first step in leukocyte extravasation?
Transmigration
Adhesion
Rolling
Chemotaxis
Explanation - Leukocyte extravasation begins with rolling, mediated by selectins, before adhesion and transmigration.
Correct answer is: Rolling
Q.9 Which cytokine is known as the 'endogenous pyrogen'?
IL-1
IL-6
TNF-alpha
Interferon-gamma
Explanation - IL-1 induces fever by stimulating prostaglandin synthesis in the hypothalamus, earning the name endogenous pyrogen.
Correct answer is: IL-1
Q.10 Fibrinous inflammation is most likely to occur in:
Skin
Mucosal surfaces
Serous cavities
Bone marrow
Explanation - Fibrinous inflammation is common in serous cavities such as the pericardium or pleura, where fibrin-rich exudate can form.
Correct answer is: Serous cavities
Q.11 Which enzyme breaks down fibrin during tissue repair?
Collagenase
Elastase
Plasmin
Lysozyme
Explanation - Plasmin degrades fibrin clots, aiding in resolution and tissue repair.
Correct answer is: Plasmin
Q.12 Which type of necrosis is typically associated with tuberculosis?
Liquefactive necrosis
Coagulative necrosis
Caseous necrosis
Fat necrosis
Explanation - Caseous necrosis, characterized by a cheese-like appearance, is typical of granulomatous inflammation in tuberculosis.
Correct answer is: Caseous necrosis
Q.13 What is the main role of fibroblasts in wound healing?
Phagocytosis of debris
Angiogenesis
Collagen synthesis
Epithelial regeneration
Explanation - Fibroblasts synthesize collagen and extracellular matrix proteins, providing structural integrity to the healing tissue.
Correct answer is: Collagen synthesis
Q.14 What is the characteristic feature of chronic inflammation?
Exudation of neutrophils
Presence of lymphocytes and macrophages
Fibrin deposition
Vasodilation
Explanation - Chronic inflammation is marked by infiltration of lymphocytes and macrophages, along with tissue destruction and fibrosis.
Correct answer is: Presence of lymphocytes and macrophages
Q.15 Which growth factor is most important for angiogenesis in wound healing?
VEGF
PDGF
EGF
TGF-beta
Explanation - Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) stimulates angiogenesis, providing blood supply to healing tissue.
Correct answer is: VEGF
Q.16 Which cell type is primarily responsible for scar formation?
Macrophages
Fibroblasts
Neutrophils
Endothelial cells
Explanation - Fibroblasts deposit collagen, leading to scar formation in tissue repair.
Correct answer is: Fibroblasts
Q.17 Healing by second intention differs from first intention mainly by:
Less fibrosis
No granulation tissue
Larger tissue defect and more granulation tissue
Faster healing
Explanation - Healing by second intention involves larger tissue loss, abundant granulation tissue, and more fibrosis compared to first intention.
Correct answer is: Larger tissue defect and more granulation tissue
Q.18 Which vitamin is crucial for collagen synthesis during wound healing?
Vitamin A
Vitamin B12
Vitamin C
Vitamin K
Explanation - Vitamin C is required for hydroxylation of proline and lysine residues in collagen synthesis.
Correct answer is: Vitamin C
Q.19 Keloids represent:
Deficient collagen deposition
Excessive collagen deposition
Defective angiogenesis
Defective fibrin degradation
Explanation - Keloids result from abnormal wound healing with excessive collagen deposition extending beyond the original wound site.
Correct answer is: Excessive collagen deposition
Q.20 Which interleukin promotes differentiation of naive T cells into Th17 cells?
IL-2
IL-4
IL-6
IL-10
Explanation - IL-6, along with TGF-beta, promotes differentiation of naive T cells into Th17 cells, which are important in chronic inflammation.
Correct answer is: IL-6
Q.21 Which adhesion molecules mediate tight binding of leukocytes to endothelium?
Selectins
Integrins
Cadherins
Claudins
Explanation - Integrins on leukocytes bind to ICAMs on endothelium, mediating firm adhesion before transmigration.
Correct answer is: Integrins
Q.22 Which of the following is an anti-inflammatory cytokine?
IL-1
IL-6
TNF-alpha
IL-10
Explanation - IL-10 inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokines and helps in resolution of inflammation.
Correct answer is: IL-10
Q.23 Which type of exudate is typical in bacterial meningitis?
Fibrinous
Purulent
Serous
Hemorrhagic
Explanation - Purulent (suppurative) exudate rich in neutrophils is seen in bacterial infections such as meningitis.
Correct answer is: Purulent
Q.24 Which process is essential for resolution of inflammation without scarring?
Apoptosis of neutrophils
Fibroblast proliferation
Collagen deposition
Angiogenesis
Explanation - Apoptosis of neutrophils and clearance by macrophages are essential for resolution of inflammation without fibrosis.
Correct answer is: Apoptosis of neutrophils
Q.25 Langhans giant cells are formed by fusion of:
Lymphocytes
Eosinophils
Macrophages
Fibroblasts
Explanation - Langhans giant cells in granulomatous inflammation are formed by the fusion of activated macrophages.
Correct answer is: Macrophages