Q.1 Which of the following is a reversible type of cell injury?
Necrosis
Apoptosis
Cell swelling
Karyolysis
Explanation - Cell swelling occurs due to failure of ion pumps and is an early, reversible form of cell injury.
Correct answer is: Cell swelling
Q.2 Which organelle is primarily affected in ischemic cell injury?
Nucleus
Lysosome
Mitochondria
Golgi apparatus
Explanation - Mitochondrial damage is central to ischemic injury because it impairs ATP generation.
Correct answer is: Mitochondria
Q.3 Hydropic change is best described as:
Accumulation of fat in cells
Cytoplasmic vacuolization due to water influx
Nuclear fragmentation
Deposition of lipofuscin
Explanation - Hydropic change is cell swelling with clear vacuoles due to water influx.
Correct answer is: Cytoplasmic vacuolization due to water influx
Q.4 Apoptosis is characterized by:
Cell swelling
Inflammation
DNA fragmentation into nucleosome units
Loss of membrane integrity
Explanation - Apoptosis is a controlled cell death marked by DNA fragmentation without inflammation.
Correct answer is: DNA fragmentation into nucleosome units
Q.5 Which of the following adaptations increases functional tissue mass?
Atrophy
Hypertrophy
Metaplasia
Dysplasia
Explanation - Hypertrophy increases cell size, resulting in an increase in functional tissue mass.
Correct answer is: Hypertrophy
Q.6 Accumulation of lipofuscin indicates:
Reversible cell injury
Aging and past free radical injury
Necrosis
Metaplasia
Explanation - Lipofuscin is a wear-and-tear pigment that accumulates with age and oxidative stress.
Correct answer is: Aging and past free radical injury
Q.7 Coagulative necrosis is most commonly seen in:
Brain infarct
Tuberculosis
Myocardial infarct
Pancreatitis
Explanation - Coagulative necrosis is typical of ischemia in solid organs like the heart.
Correct answer is: Myocardial infarct
Q.8 Liquefactive necrosis is most characteristically seen in:
Liver
Brain
Kidney
Lung
Explanation - Brain infarcts undergo liquefactive necrosis due to high lipid content and enzymatic digestion.
Correct answer is: Brain
Q.9 Caseous necrosis is typically associated with:
Viral infection
Ischemia
Tuberculosis
Fungal infection only
Explanation - Caseous necrosis is characteristic of granulomatous infections, especially TB.
Correct answer is: Tuberculosis
Q.10 Fat necrosis is commonly associated with:
Liver cirrhosis
Pancreatitis
Brain infarct
Tuberculosis
Explanation - Fat necrosis occurs due to lipase release in acute pancreatitis, causing fat saponification.
Correct answer is: Pancreatitis
Q.11 Which change is an example of metaplasia?
Columnar to squamous change in bronchus of smokers
Increase in cell size of myocardium
Loss of cell number in skeletal muscle
Disordered nuclear changes
Explanation - Metaplasia is a reversible change from one adult cell type to another, often in response to stress.
Correct answer is: Columnar to squamous change in bronchus of smokers
Q.12 Which of the following is a hallmark of irreversible cell injury?
Cell swelling
Nuclear pyknosis
ATP depletion
Ribosomal detachment
Explanation - Nuclear changes such as pyknosis, karyorrhexis, and karyolysis indicate irreversible injury.
Correct answer is: Nuclear pyknosis
Q.13 Free radicals cause injury primarily through:
Protein glycosylation
Lipid peroxidation
ATP hydrolysis
DNA methylation
Explanation - Free radicals damage cell membranes mainly via lipid peroxidation.
Correct answer is: Lipid peroxidation
Q.14 The enzyme superoxide dismutase neutralizes:
Hydroxyl radicals
Superoxide anion
Hydrogen peroxide
Nitric oxide
Explanation - Superoxide dismutase converts superoxide to hydrogen peroxide, reducing oxidative stress.
Correct answer is: Superoxide anion
Q.15 In apoptosis, the cell membrane:
Loses integrity early
Remains intact until late stages
Becomes immediately permeable
Ruptures suddenly
Explanation - Apoptotic cells maintain membrane integrity until phagocytosed, preventing inflammation.
Correct answer is: Remains intact until late stages
Q.16 Which caspases are initiator caspases in apoptosis?
Caspase 3 and 6
Caspase 8 and 9
Caspase 1 and 11
Caspase 12 and 14
Explanation - Caspases 8 and 9 are initiators, while caspase 3 is an executioner.
Correct answer is: Caspase 8 and 9
Q.17 Which adaptation is seen in uterine smooth muscle during pregnancy?
Atrophy
Hypertrophy
Metaplasia
Dysplasia
Explanation - Uterine smooth muscle cells undergo hypertrophy to meet increased functional demand.
Correct answer is: Hypertrophy
Q.18 Pathological hyperplasia can predispose to:
Infarction
Dysplasia and cancer
Atrophy
Calcification
Explanation - Prolonged hyperplasia, such as endometrial hyperplasia, may predispose to malignancy.
Correct answer is: Dysplasia and cancer
Q.19 The earliest sign of reversible cell injury is:
Nuclear fragmentation
Cell swelling
Mitochondrial calcification
Loss of DNA
Explanation - Cell swelling due to failure of ion pumps is the earliest sign of reversible injury.
Correct answer is: Cell swelling
Q.20 Oncosis refers to:
Programmed cell death
Pathologic cell swelling
Lipid accumulation
Autophagy
Explanation - Oncosis is another term for cell swelling seen in reversible injury.
Correct answer is: Pathologic cell swelling
Q.21 Mallory bodies are seen in:
Alcoholic liver disease
Myocardial infarct
Kidney disease
Pancreatitis
Explanation - Mallory bodies are eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions seen in hepatocytes in alcoholic hepatitis.
Correct answer is: Alcoholic liver disease
Q.22 Which of the following is an example of physiologic apoptosis?
Neutrophil death after acute inflammation
Liver necrosis
Brain infarct
Skeletal muscle hypertrophy
Explanation - Apoptosis removes neutrophils after inflammation resolution to prevent damage.
Correct answer is: Neutrophil death after acute inflammation
Q.23 Which of the following is an intracellular accumulation of proteins?
Mallory bodies
Fatty change
Calcification
Lipofuscin
Explanation - Mallory bodies represent abnormal accumulation of cytoskeletal proteins in hepatocytes.
Correct answer is: Mallory bodies
Q.24 A reversible nuclear change in cell injury is:
Karyorrhexis
Karyolysis
Chromatin clumping
Pyknosis
Explanation - Chromatin clumping due to low ATP is reversible, unlike pyknosis or karyolysis.
Correct answer is: Chromatin clumping
Q.25 Dystrophic calcification occurs in:
Normal tissues with hypercalcemia
Damaged tissues with normal calcium levels
Cartilage growth
Bone remodeling
Explanation - Dystrophic calcification occurs in necrotic or damaged tissues despite normal serum calcium.
Correct answer is: Damaged tissues with normal calcium levels