Q.1 Which breakthrough technology has revolutionized immune cell profiling in recent years?
Western blotting
Single-cell RNA sequencing
ELISA
Immunodiffusion
Explanation - Single-cell RNA sequencing allows researchers to analyze gene expression in individual immune cells, providing unprecedented resolution in understanding immune system diversity and function.
Correct answer is: Single-cell RNA sequencing
Q.2 CAR-T cell therapy is primarily used in the treatment of which condition?
Bacterial pneumonia
Autoimmune arthritis
Certain cancers
Allergic rhinitis
Explanation - CAR-T cell therapy is a form of immunotherapy where patient T cells are genetically engineered to target cancer cells, showing remarkable success in certain leukemias and lymphomas.
Correct answer is: Certain cancers
Q.3 Checkpoint inhibitors like anti-PD-1 work by:
Suppressing antibody production
Blocking inhibitory signals on T cells
Killing macrophages directly
Enhancing complement activity
Explanation - Checkpoint inhibitors block molecules like PD-1 or CTLA-4 that suppress T cell activity, thereby boosting immune responses against cancer.
Correct answer is: Blocking inhibitory signals on T cells
Q.4 Which cytokine-based therapy has recently gained attention for autoimmune diseases?
IL-2 low-dose therapy
TNF-alpha boosting therapy
IL-10 inhibition
Complement factor activation
Explanation - Low-dose IL-2 therapy promotes regulatory T cells, helping to restore immune tolerance in autoimmune conditions.
Correct answer is: IL-2 low-dose therapy
Q.5 The development of mRNA vaccines was accelerated by which global event?
Ebola outbreak
COVID-19 pandemic
Avian influenza
SARS 2003 outbreak
Explanation - The COVID-19 pandemic pushed rapid development of mRNA vaccines, which have proven effective and paved the way for new immunization strategies.
Correct answer is: COVID-19 pandemic
Q.6 Bispecific antibodies are designed to:
Bind to two different epitopes simultaneously
Activate complement and T cells
Neutralize toxins only
Work only against bacteria
Explanation - Bispecific antibodies can simultaneously target two different antigens or epitopes, enhancing immune system engagement for therapies such as cancer treatment.
Correct answer is: Bind to two different epitopes simultaneously
Q.7 Which advance has improved the safety of gene editing in immune cells?
CRISPR-Cas9 base editing
Northern blotting
Phage display
Flow cytometry sorting
Explanation - CRISPR base editing enables precise genetic modifications in immune cells, reducing off-target effects and improving safety of immunotherapies.
Correct answer is: CRISPR-Cas9 base editing
Q.8 Neoantigen vaccines are designed to:
Target viral DNA
Target tumor-specific mutations
Boost innate immunity
Suppress allergic responses
Explanation - Neoantigen vaccines use unique tumor-specific mutations to stimulate a strong immune response specifically against cancer cells.
Correct answer is: Target tumor-specific mutations
Q.9 Which immune cell type is central to the success of immune checkpoint blockade therapies?
Neutrophils
T cells
B cells
Mast cells
Explanation - Checkpoint blockade therapies restore T cell activity against cancer cells by inhibiting suppressive pathways like PD-1/PD-L1.
Correct answer is: T cells
Q.10 Which technology enables mapping of immune receptor repertoires at high resolution?
Mass spectrometry
Next-generation sequencing
Southern blot
X-ray crystallography
Explanation - NGS allows large-scale sequencing of B and T cell receptors, providing insights into immune diversity and disease-specific responses.
Correct answer is: Next-generation sequencing
Q.11 Which immunotherapy involves engineering T cells with chimeric antigen receptors?
CAR-T therapy
Immune checkpoint therapy
Monoclonal antibody therapy
Vaccine adjuvant therapy
Explanation - CAR-T therapy engineers patient T cells to express synthetic receptors that recognize and kill cancer cells.
Correct answer is: CAR-T therapy
Q.12 Which recent discovery links the microbiome to immune checkpoint therapy effectiveness?
Gut bacteria composition affects T cell activity
Skin microbiome regulates neutrophils
Oral bacteria alter IgM levels
Nasal flora controls complement activation
Explanation - Studies show gut microbiome composition can influence patient response to immune checkpoint blockade, highlighting microbiome-immune system interactions.
Correct answer is: Gut bacteria composition affects T cell activity
Q.13 mRNA vaccines stimulate immunity primarily through:
Inducing antibodies against mRNA itself
Encoding viral antigens for immune recognition
Killing infected host cells directly
Blocking cytokine release
Explanation - mRNA vaccines deliver genetic instructions for cells to produce viral antigens, which the immune system then recognizes and attacks.
Correct answer is: Encoding viral antigens for immune recognition
Q.14 Immune tolerance therapies aim to:
Prevent immune response to self-antigens
Boost T cell activation
Increase autoantibody production
Stimulate allergic reactions
Explanation - Tolerance therapies help re-educate the immune system to avoid attacking self-antigens, important in treating autoimmune diseases.
Correct answer is: Prevent immune response to self-antigens
Q.15 Which therapeutic antibody is engineered to reduce cytokine storms in COVID-19 patients?
Tocilizumab
Nivolumab
Trastuzumab
Pembrolizumab
Explanation - Tocilizumab is an IL-6 receptor blocker that has been used to mitigate cytokine storms in severe COVID-19 cases.
Correct answer is: Tocilizumab
Q.16 Which nanotechnology is being explored for targeted immunotherapy delivery?
Gold nanoparticles
Paper chromatography
Magnetic resonance imaging
Western blot membranes
Explanation - Gold nanoparticles are being developed to deliver immunotherapeutic agents directly to specific immune cells or tissues.
Correct answer is: Gold nanoparticles
Q.17 What is the major advantage of mRNA vaccines over traditional vaccines?
They avoid immune response entirely
They are faster to design and produce
They need no refrigeration
They directly kill pathogens
Explanation - mRNA vaccines can be rapidly designed once the genetic sequence of the pathogen is known, enabling quick response to emerging diseases.
Correct answer is: They are faster to design and produce
Q.18 Which cell type is targeted by therapies against BCMA (B-cell maturation antigen)?
B cells in multiple myeloma
T cells in leukemia
Neutrophils in infections
Macrophages in sepsis
Explanation - BCMA-targeted therapies focus on malignant plasma cells in multiple myeloma, improving survival outcomes.
Correct answer is: B cells in multiple myeloma
Q.19 Checkpoint inhibitor therapy may cause which side effect?
Autoimmune-like reactions
Bacterial infections
Increased clotting
Dehydration
Explanation - By enhancing T cell activity, checkpoint inhibitors can sometimes cause autoimmune-like side effects as the immune system attacks normal tissues.
Correct answer is: Autoimmune-like reactions
Q.20 What is the purpose of immune adjuvants in modern vaccines?
Suppress immunity
Enhance immune response
Replace antibodies
Kill pathogens directly
Explanation - Adjuvants boost the body’s immune response to antigens, making vaccines more effective.
Correct answer is: Enhance immune response
Q.21 Which organ-on-chip technology is being applied to study immune responses?
Liver-on-chip
Lung-on-chip
Immune system-on-chip
All of the above
Explanation - Various organ-on-chip systems, including liver, lung, and immune system models, are being used to study immune responses and drug testing.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.22 Which receptor is commonly blocked in modern asthma biologic therapies?
IL-5 receptor
PD-1
CTLA-4
TLR-4
Explanation - Blocking IL-5 or its receptor reduces eosinophil activity, a key player in severe asthma.
Correct answer is: IL-5 receptor
Q.23 Which modern diagnostic technique can track immune responses at the protein level with high precision?
Mass cytometry (CyTOF)
SDS-PAGE
Immunodiffusion
ELISA only
Explanation - Mass cytometry allows simultaneous detection of dozens of proteins per cell, providing deep insights into immune cell states.
Correct answer is: Mass cytometry (CyTOF)
Q.24 Which therapeutic field combines immunology and artificial intelligence for drug discovery?
Immuno-informatics
Bioenergetics
Histopathology
Nutrigenomics
Explanation - Immuno-informatics applies AI and computational biology to predict immune responses and accelerate immunotherapy development.
Correct answer is: Immuno-informatics
Q.25 Which cell-based immunotherapy is being explored for solid tumors beyond CAR-T cells?
NK cell therapy
Basophil infusion therapy
Dendritic cell depletion
Neutrophil activation
Explanation - NK cell therapies are being developed to target solid tumors, as they can kill cancer cells without prior sensitization.
Correct answer is: NK cell therapy