Q.1 What is immunology primarily the study of?
The circulatory system
The immune system
The skeletal system
The muscular system
Explanation - Immunology is the branch of biomedical science that focuses on the study of the immune system and its functions in defending the body against pathogens.
Correct answer is: The immune system
Q.2 Which cells are the primary defenders in the innate immune system?
T cells
B cells
Macrophages
Plasma cells
Explanation - Macrophages are phagocytic cells of the innate immune system that engulf and destroy pathogens.
Correct answer is: Macrophages
Q.3 Which of the following is NOT part of the immune system?
Bone marrow
Thymus
Spleen
Kidneys
Explanation - The kidneys are part of the excretory system, not the immune system.
Correct answer is: Kidneys
Q.4 What is the role of antibodies?
They digest food
They carry oxygen
They neutralize pathogens
They produce hormones
Explanation - Antibodies are proteins produced by B cells that bind to antigens to neutralize or mark them for destruction.
Correct answer is: They neutralize pathogens
Q.5 Which type of immunity is present from birth?
Innate immunity
Adaptive immunity
Passive immunity
Artificial immunity
Explanation - Innate immunity provides immediate defense and is present at birth.
Correct answer is: Innate immunity
Q.6 Which of the following produces antibodies?
Helper T cells
Macrophages
Plasma cells
Natural killer cells
Explanation - Plasma cells are differentiated B cells that secrete large amounts of antibodies.
Correct answer is: Plasma cells
Q.7 The thymus is mainly responsible for the maturation of which immune cells?
B cells
T cells
Neutrophils
Macrophages
Explanation - The thymus gland provides an environment for T cells to mature and become functional.
Correct answer is: T cells
Q.8 What do vaccines stimulate in the body?
Production of red blood cells
Adaptive immune response
Digestive enzymes
Sweat glands
Explanation - Vaccines introduce antigens that trigger the adaptive immune system to create memory cells for future protection.
Correct answer is: Adaptive immune response
Q.9 Which barrier is the first line of defense in the immune system?
Antibodies
Skin
T cells
Cytokines
Explanation - Skin acts as a physical barrier preventing pathogens from entering the body.
Correct answer is: Skin
Q.10 Which cells destroy virus-infected cells directly?
Helper T cells
Cytotoxic T cells
Plasma cells
Macrophages
Explanation - Cytotoxic T cells recognize and kill virus-infected cells.
Correct answer is: Cytotoxic T cells
Q.11 Which molecule acts as a signaling protein in the immune response?
Hemoglobin
Cytokines
Keratin
Insulin
Explanation - Cytokines are proteins that mediate communication between immune cells.
Correct answer is: Cytokines
Q.12 Which part of the immune system has memory?
Innate immunity
Adaptive immunity
Skin barrier
Mucous membranes
Explanation - Adaptive immunity has memory cells that respond more quickly to previously encountered pathogens.
Correct answer is: Adaptive immunity
Q.13 What is the main function of natural killer (NK) cells?
Phagocytosis of bacteria
Production of antibodies
Killing infected or cancerous cells
Secreting insulin
Explanation - NK cells identify and kill virus-infected or tumor cells without prior sensitization.
Correct answer is: Killing infected or cancerous cells
Q.14 Where are B cells primarily produced and matured?
Bone marrow
Thymus
Spleen
Liver
Explanation - B cells are produced and mature in the bone marrow before moving into circulation.
Correct answer is: Bone marrow
Q.15 Which of these is an autoimmune disease?
Diabetes mellitus type 1
Influenza
Tuberculosis
Measles
Explanation - In type 1 diabetes, the immune system mistakenly attacks insulin-producing beta cells.
Correct answer is: Diabetes mellitus type 1
Q.16 What is an antigen?
A protein that destroys pathogens
A substance that triggers an immune response
A type of antibody
A digestive enzyme
Explanation - Antigens are foreign substances that induce an immune response, often proteins or polysaccharides on pathogens.
Correct answer is: A substance that triggers an immune response
Q.17 Which immune response is faster upon second exposure to the same pathogen?
Innate response
Primary adaptive response
Secondary adaptive response
None
Explanation - Memory cells enable a faster and stronger secondary adaptive immune response.
Correct answer is: Secondary adaptive response
Q.18 Which type of immunity is transferred from mother to baby through breast milk?
Active immunity
Innate immunity
Passive immunity
Artificial immunity
Explanation - Antibodies from the mother passively protect the baby through breast milk.
Correct answer is: Passive immunity
Q.19 Which organ filters blood and helps mount immune responses?
Heart
Spleen
Kidney
Liver
Explanation - The spleen filters blood, removes old red blood cells, and supports immune responses.
Correct answer is: Spleen
Q.20 Which type of leukocyte is the most abundant in blood?
Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils
Lymphocytes
Explanation - Neutrophils are the most numerous white blood cells and are crucial in innate immunity.
Correct answer is: Neutrophils
Q.21 Which immune cells are primarily involved in allergic reactions?
Neutrophils
Basophils
Macrophages
Cytotoxic T cells
Explanation - Basophils release histamine and play a role in allergic and inflammatory responses.
Correct answer is: Basophils
Q.22 Which molecule on pathogens is recognized by Toll-like receptors?
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
Hemoglobin
Antibodies
Cytokines
Explanation - Toll-like receptors identify PAMPs, which are conserved microbial molecules, to initiate innate immune responses.
Correct answer is: Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
Q.23 Which type of immunity develops after infection or vaccination?
Passive immunity
Innate immunity
Artificial passive immunity
Active immunity
Explanation - Active immunity develops when the immune system produces its own antibodies and memory cells after infection or vaccination.
Correct answer is: Active immunity
Q.24 Which type of immune cell helps activate both B cells and cytotoxic T cells?
Helper T cells
Natural killer cells
Macrophages
Dendritic cells
Explanation - Helper T cells release cytokines that activate B cells and cytotoxic T cells.
Correct answer is: Helper T cells
Q.25 Which immune structure traps pathogens in the throat?
Thymus
Lymph nodes
Tonsils
Spleen
Explanation - Tonsils are lymphoid tissues that capture and help respond to pathogens entering through the mouth or nose.
Correct answer is: Tonsils