Q.1 Which technique is commonly used to amplify a specific DNA segment?
Southern blotting
PCR
Western blotting
Northern blotting
Explanation - Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is used to selectively amplify a specific DNA sequence rapidly.
Correct answer is: PCR
Q.2 What is the purpose of restriction enzymes in genetic studies?
To replicate DNA
To cut DNA at specific sequences
To synthesize RNA
To translate proteins
Explanation - Restriction enzymes recognize specific DNA sequences and cleave the DNA at those sites, allowing manipulation of genes.
Correct answer is: To cut DNA at specific sequences
Q.3 Which technique is used to separate DNA fragments based on size?
Gel electrophoresis
PCR
CRISPR-Cas9
DNA microarray
Explanation - Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments by size as they migrate through a gel under an electric field.
Correct answer is: Gel electrophoresis
Q.4 What is the main tool used in genome editing to create specific gene modifications?
CRISPR-Cas9
RNAi
Western blot
FISH
Explanation - CRISPR-Cas9 allows precise editing of DNA sequences by creating targeted double-strand breaks at specific sites.
Correct answer is: CRISPR-Cas9
Q.5 Which method is used to detect specific RNA sequences in a sample?
Northern blotting
Southern blotting
PCR
Western blotting
Explanation - Northern blotting uses labeled probes to detect specific RNA molecules among a mixture of RNA.
Correct answer is: Northern blotting
Q.6 In which technique are DNA fragments transferred from a gel to a membrane for detection?
Southern blotting
PCR
CRISPR-Cas9
Flow cytometry
Explanation - Southern blotting transfers DNA fragments from a gel to a membrane, then hybridizes with labeled probes to detect specific sequences.
Correct answer is: Southern blotting
Q.7 What is the function of DNA ligase in molecular cloning?
Cut DNA at specific sites
Amplify DNA
Join DNA fragments
Translate DNA into protein
Explanation - DNA ligase joins DNA fragments by forming phosphodiester bonds, essential for creating recombinant DNA.
Correct answer is: Join DNA fragments
Q.8 Which technique allows simultaneous analysis of thousands of genes?
DNA microarray
PCR
CRISPR-Cas9
Gel electrophoresis
Explanation - DNA microarrays can measure expression levels of thousands of genes at once by hybridization with complementary DNA probes.
Correct answer is: DNA microarray
Q.9 Which sequencing method was used in the Human Genome Project to determine DNA sequences?
Sanger sequencing
Next-generation sequencing
CRISPR
Northern blotting
Explanation - Sanger sequencing uses chain-terminating nucleotides to determine the sequence of DNA and was key in the Human Genome Project.
Correct answer is: Sanger sequencing
Q.10 Which tool uses fluorescent tags to visualize specific DNA sequences on chromosomes?
FISH
PCR
Southern blotting
Western blotting
Explanation - Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) uses fluorescent probes to detect and localize specific DNA sequences on chromosomes.
Correct answer is: FISH
Q.11 What is the principle of RNA interference (RNAi)?
Cutting DNA sequences
Blocking translation of specific mRNA
Amplifying DNA
Hybridizing DNA to probes
Explanation - RNAi uses small RNA molecules to target specific mRNAs for degradation or translational repression, regulating gene expression.
Correct answer is: Blocking translation of specific mRNA
Q.12 Which method is used to introduce foreign DNA into a bacterial cell?
Transformation
Transcription
Translation
Hybridization
Explanation - Transformation involves uptake of foreign DNA by bacteria, a fundamental technique in genetic engineering.
Correct answer is: Transformation
Q.13 Which technique allows quantitative measurement of DNA or RNA in real-time?
qPCR
Gel electrophoresis
CRISPR-Cas9
Southern blotting
Explanation - Quantitative PCR (qPCR) measures the amount of DNA or RNA during amplification using fluorescent dyes or probes.
Correct answer is: qPCR
Q.14 Which method is used to study protein-DNA interactions?
ChIP
PCR
Northern blotting
FISH
Explanation - Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) identifies DNA sequences bound by specific proteins, useful in gene regulation studies.
Correct answer is: ChIP
Q.15 Which enzyme synthesizes complementary DNA (cDNA) from RNA?
Reverse transcriptase
DNA polymerase
RNA polymerase
Ligase
Explanation - Reverse transcriptase synthesizes DNA from an RNA template, essential for creating cDNA libraries.
Correct answer is: Reverse transcriptase
Q.16 Which technique is used to detect specific proteins in a sample?
Western blotting
PCR
Southern blotting
Northern blotting
Explanation - Western blotting uses antibodies to detect specific proteins separated by gel electrophoresis.
Correct answer is: Western blotting
Q.17 Which genetic tool is commonly used to silence genes in eukaryotic cells?
siRNA
DNA polymerase
Restriction enzyme
Ligase
Explanation - Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) trigger degradation of specific mRNAs, effectively silencing target genes.
Correct answer is: siRNA
Q.18 Which method allows insertion of genes into a viral genome for gene therapy?
Recombinant DNA technology
PCR
Gel electrophoresis
Northern blotting
Explanation - Recombinant DNA technology enables the creation of modified viral vectors for delivering therapeutic genes.
Correct answer is: Recombinant DNA technology
Q.19 Which sequencing technology allows rapid, high-throughput DNA sequencing?
Next-generation sequencing
Sanger sequencing
PCR
Southern blotting
Explanation - Next-generation sequencing (NGS) sequences millions of DNA fragments simultaneously, enabling large-scale genomics studies.
Correct answer is: Next-generation sequencing
Q.20 Which technique uses antibodies to detect specific proteins inside cells using fluorescence?
Immunofluorescence
Western blotting
PCR
Southern blotting
Explanation - Immunofluorescence uses fluorescently labeled antibodies to visualize protein localization within cells.
Correct answer is: Immunofluorescence
Q.21 Which method is used to identify mutations in a gene by comparing DNA sequences?
DNA sequencing
PCR
ChIP
Gel electrophoresis
Explanation - DNA sequencing allows direct determination of nucleotide sequences, enabling mutation detection and analysis.
Correct answer is: DNA sequencing
Q.22 Which tool uses guide RNA to direct a nuclease to a specific DNA sequence?
CRISPR-Cas9
PCR
qPCR
Southern blotting
Explanation - CRISPR-Cas9 uses a guide RNA to target specific DNA sequences for cleavage and genome editing.
Correct answer is: CRISPR-Cas9
Q.23 Which method is used to analyze the expression of multiple genes at the mRNA level simultaneously?
RNA-Seq
PCR
Southern blotting
FISH
Explanation - RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) quantifies and profiles RNA transcripts, allowing genome-wide expression analysis.
Correct answer is: RNA-Seq
Q.24 Which technique involves labeling DNA or RNA probes to detect complementary sequences?
Hybridization
PCR
Gel electrophoresis
Western blotting
Explanation - Hybridization involves binding labeled probes to complementary nucleic acid sequences for detection.
Correct answer is: Hybridization
Q.25 Which molecular tool allows targeted gene activation or repression without altering DNA sequence?
CRISPRa/CRISPRi
PCR
Sanger sequencing
Western blotting
Explanation - CRISPR activation (CRISPRa) or interference (CRISPRi) uses modified Cas proteins to regulate gene expression epigenetically.
Correct answer is: CRISPRa/CRISPRi