Q.1 Which of the following is an example of a homologous structure?
Wings of a butterfly and wings of a bat
Flippers of a whale and arms of a human
Legs of a dog and wings of an insect
Fins of a fish and wings of a bird
Explanation - Homologous structures share a common evolutionary origin but may perform different functions. The whale’s flipper and human arm both derive from the forelimb of a common ancestor.
Correct answer is: Flippers of a whale and arms of a human
Q.2 Which structures are examples of analogous organs?
Forelimbs of a cat and a horse
Wings of a bat and wings of a bird
Human arm and whale flipper
Vertebrate spinal cords
Explanation - Analogous organs perform similar functions but have different evolutionary origins. Bat wings and bird wings are structurally different but both are adapted for flight.
Correct answer is: Wings of a bat and wings of a bird
Q.3 Which term best describes organs that have lost their function during evolution?
Analogous organs
Homologous organs
Vestigial organs
Accessory organs
Explanation - Vestigial organs are remnants of once-functional structures, such as the human appendix or whale pelvis.
Correct answer is: Vestigial organs
Q.4 The pentadactyl limb is a classic example of:
Analogy
Homology
Vestigiality
Convergent evolution
Explanation - The pentadactyl limb structure in vertebrates shows homology, as it derives from a common ancestor despite modifications for different functions.
Correct answer is: Homology
Q.5 Which evolutionary process explains the similarity in body shape between sharks and dolphins?
Divergent evolution
Adaptive radiation
Convergent evolution
Coevolution
Explanation - Sharks (fish) and dolphins (mammals) independently evolved streamlined bodies suited for swimming, an example of convergent evolution.
Correct answer is: Convergent evolution
Q.6 Which of the following is a vestigial structure in humans?
Heart
Lungs
Appendix
Liver
Explanation - The human appendix is a vestigial organ, once useful for digesting cellulose in herbivorous ancestors.
Correct answer is: Appendix
Q.7 Which group of animals shows the greatest diversity of limb modification for flight, swimming, and walking?
Reptiles
Mammals
Amphibians
Birds
Explanation - Mammals show diverse limb modifications such as wings in bats, flippers in whales, and running limbs in terrestrial mammals.
Correct answer is: Mammals
Q.8 Which structure in whales is considered vestigial?
Lungs
Pelvic bones
Flippers
Blowhole
Explanation - Whales retain small pelvic bones that no longer serve their ancestral function of supporting hind limbs.
Correct answer is: Pelvic bones
Q.9 In comparative anatomy, which type of evolution is supported by homologous structures?
Convergent evolution
Divergent evolution
Parallel evolution
Co-evolution
Explanation - Homologous structures indicate divergent evolution, where related organisms adapt to different environments and evolve different functions.
Correct answer is: Divergent evolution
Q.10 Which of the following pairs represents analogous structures?
Human hand and monkey hand
Cat paw and dog paw
Bird wing and insect wing
Horse leg and cow leg
Explanation - Bird wings and insect wings both serve flight functions but evolved independently and have different anatomical origins.
Correct answer is: Bird wing and insect wing
Q.11 Which comparative anatomy evidence supports evolution?
Presence of vestigial organs
Similar genetic codes
Fossil distribution
Biogeography
Explanation - Vestigial organs are anatomical evidence of evolutionary changes over time.
Correct answer is: Presence of vestigial organs
Q.12 The wings of bats and the arms of humans are:
Homologous
Analogous
Vestigial
Exaptations
Explanation - Both structures are derived from the vertebrate forelimb and share common ancestry despite functional differences.
Correct answer is: Homologous
Q.13 The similarity in embryonic stages among vertebrates provides evidence for:
Convergent evolution
Common ancestry
Adaptive radiation
Mutation theory
Explanation - Comparative embryology shows vertebrate embryos pass through similar stages, supporting descent from a common ancestor.
Correct answer is: Common ancestry
Q.14 Which organ in snakes is vestigial?
Heart
Pelvic girdle
Tongue
Kidney
Explanation - Some snakes retain small pelvic remnants, indicating their descent from limbed ancestors.
Correct answer is: Pelvic girdle
Q.15 In whales and fishes, the streamlined body is a result of:
Divergent evolution
Convergent evolution
Parallel evolution
Vestigial structures
Explanation - Both evolved streamlined shapes independently for aquatic locomotion, an example of convergent evolution.
Correct answer is: Convergent evolution
Q.16 Which of the following pairs shows homology?
Wings of insects and wings of bats
Flippers of dolphins and arms of humans
Eyes of squids and eyes of humans
Legs of dogs and wings of birds
Explanation - Both are derived from the same basic vertebrate forelimb structure, indicating homology.
Correct answer is: Flippers of dolphins and arms of humans
Q.17 The study of similarities and differences in anatomy among organisms is called:
Histology
Embryology
Comparative anatomy
Evolutionary genetics
Explanation - Comparative anatomy focuses on structural similarities and differences across species to understand evolutionary relationships.
Correct answer is: Comparative anatomy
Q.18 Which of the following is not a vestigial structure?
Appendix in humans
Pelvic bones in whales
Functional wings in birds
Wisdom teeth in humans
Explanation - Functional wings in birds are fully developed and used; the others are vestigial.
Correct answer is: Functional wings in birds
Q.19 Which is an example of parallel evolution?
Wings of bats and wings of birds
Marsupial mammals in Australia and placental mammals elsewhere
Eyes of octopus and humans
Fins of fish and flippers of whales
Explanation - Both groups evolved similar adaptations independently in different regions but from similar ancestors.
Correct answer is: Marsupial mammals in Australia and placental mammals elsewhere
Q.20 The human tailbone (coccyx) is an example of:
Homologous structure
Vestigial structure
Analogous structure
Adaptive structure
Explanation - The coccyx is a vestigial remnant of a tail present in our primate ancestors.
Correct answer is: Vestigial structure
Q.21 The wings of insects and the wings of birds are similar because of:
Homology
Convergent evolution
Vestigiality
Adaptive radiation
Explanation - Birds and insects independently evolved wings as adaptations to flight, showing convergence.
Correct answer is: Convergent evolution
Q.22 Which part of human anatomy is considered vestigial?
Kidneys
Appendix
Heart
Brain
Explanation - The human appendix has no essential digestive function but is a vestige of larger cecum in herbivores.
Correct answer is: Appendix
Q.23 The similarity in bone patterns of vertebrate limbs indicates:
Common ancestry
Convergent evolution
Vestigiality
Mutation
Explanation - Shared limb structures point to descent from a common vertebrate ancestor.
Correct answer is: Common ancestry
Q.24 Which of the following is an example of divergent evolution?
Wings of insects and bats
Darwin’s finches’ beaks
Eyes of squids and humans
Streamlined body of fish and whales
Explanation - Darwin’s finches evolved different beak types from a common ancestor to adapt to different food sources, showing divergent evolution.
Correct answer is: Darwin’s finches’ beaks
Q.25 The appendix in humans and the cecum in rabbits are examples of:
Homologous organs
Analogous organs
Vestigial organs
Functional organs
Explanation - Both structures arise from the digestive system of a common ancestor, showing homology, though their functions differ in extent.
Correct answer is: Homologous organs