Q.1 Which of the following is the core deficit in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?
Impaired social communication and interaction
Obsessive-compulsive behaviors
Severe anxiety
Memory impairment
Explanation - ASD is primarily characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction across multiple contexts, along with restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior.
Correct answer is: Impaired social communication and interaction
Q.2 What is the most common comorbidity in children with ADHD?
Depression
Learning disorders
Autism
Bipolar disorder
Explanation - Children with ADHD often have comorbid learning disorders, affecting reading, writing, or mathematics.
Correct answer is: Learning disorders
Q.3 Which genetic disorder is most strongly associated with intellectual disability and distinctive facial features?
Down syndrome
Fragile X syndrome
Turner syndrome
Williams syndrome
Explanation - Down syndrome results from trisomy 21 and is characterized by intellectual disability and recognizable facial features such as upslanting palpebral fissures and a flat nasal bridge.
Correct answer is: Down syndrome
Q.4 Which of the following is a hallmark feature of Tourette's disorder?
Persistent vocal and motor tics
Memory deficits
Social withdrawal
Seizures
Explanation - Tourette's disorder is characterized by multiple motor tics and at least one vocal tic present for more than 1 year, starting before age 18.
Correct answer is: Persistent vocal and motor tics
Q.5 What is the primary neurotransmitter implicated in ADHD?
Dopamine
Serotonin
GABA
Acetylcholine
Explanation - ADHD is associated with dysregulation of dopaminergic pathways in the prefrontal cortex, affecting attention and executive functioning.
Correct answer is: Dopamine
Q.6 Which developmental milestone is often delayed in children with global developmental delay?
Walking
Crawling
Speaking first words
All of the above
Explanation - Global developmental delay involves significant delays in multiple developmental domains, including motor and speech milestones.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.7 Which test is most commonly used for diagnosing intellectual disability?
IQ test
EEG
MRI
Blood glucose
Explanation - Intellectual disability is assessed based on IQ testing (usually IQ <70) along with adaptive functioning evaluation.
Correct answer is: IQ test
Q.8 Which of the following is considered a specific learning disorder?
Dyslexia
ADHD
Autism
Tourette’s disorder
Explanation - Dyslexia is a specific learning disorder affecting reading skills, including word recognition, decoding, and spelling.
Correct answer is: Dyslexia
Q.9 Which feature differentiates Asperger's syndrome from classic autism?
No significant delay in language or cognitive development
Severe repetitive behaviors
Marked intellectual disability
Early motor delays
Explanation - Individuals with Asperger's syndrome have social deficits and restricted interests but typically have normal language and cognitive development.
Correct answer is: No significant delay in language or cognitive development
Q.10 Rett syndrome is caused by mutations in which gene?
MECP2
FMR1
SHANK3
UBE3A
Explanation - Rett syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting mainly girls and is caused by mutations in the MECP2 gene on the X chromosome.
Correct answer is: MECP2
Q.11 Which of the following interventions is first-line for ADHD?
Stimulant medications
Antipsychotics
SSRIs
Cognitive behavioral therapy only
Explanation - Stimulant medications such as methylphenidate or amphetamines are first-line treatment for ADHD, often combined with behavioral therapy.
Correct answer is: Stimulant medications
Q.12 Which of the following is a red flag for neurodevelopmental disorders in toddlers?
No babbling by 12 months
Walking before 12 months
Early toilet training
High activity levels
Explanation - Delayed speech or lack of babbling by 12 months may indicate a developmental disorder, including autism or global developmental delay.
Correct answer is: No babbling by 12 months
Q.13 Fragile X syndrome is associated with mutations in which chromosome?
X chromosome
Chromosome 21
Chromosome 15
Y chromosome
Explanation - Fragile X syndrome is caused by CGG trinucleotide repeat expansion in the FMR1 gene on the X chromosome, leading to intellectual disability.
Correct answer is: X chromosome
Q.14 Which of the following is a common behavioral feature in children with ADHD?
Impulsivity
Memory loss
Seizures
Hallucinations
Explanation - ADHD is characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, which affect academic and social functioning.
Correct answer is: Impulsivity
Q.15 Which of the following is an example of a motor stereotypy often seen in autism?
Hand flapping
Aggression
Obsessive counting
Speech delay
Explanation - Repetitive motor movements such as hand flapping, rocking, or spinning are common stereotypies in autism.
Correct answer is: Hand flapping
Q.16 Which disorder is characterized by loss of purposeful hand skills and development of hand-wringing movements in early childhood?
Rett syndrome
Autism spectrum disorder
Tourette’s disorder
ADHD
Explanation - Rett syndrome features normal early development followed by regression, loss of hand skills, and characteristic hand-wringing movements.
Correct answer is: Rett syndrome
Q.17 Which of the following is true regarding specific learning disorder?
It affects academic skills despite normal intelligence
It is due to lack of education
It only affects mathematics
It cannot co-occur with ADHD
Explanation - Specific learning disorders involve difficulties in reading, writing, or math despite adequate intelligence, instruction, and motivation.
Correct answer is: It affects academic skills despite normal intelligence
Q.18 Which of the following is a common feature in children with intellectual disability?
Delayed language and social skills
Hallucinations
Seizures as the only symptom
High IQ
Explanation - Intellectual disability often involves deficits in intellectual and adaptive functioning, including language and social skills delays.
Correct answer is: Delayed language and social skills
Q.19 Which neurodevelopmental disorder is often associated with macroorchidism in males?
Fragile X syndrome
Down syndrome
Rett syndrome
Williams syndrome
Explanation - Macroorchidism (enlarged testes) is a physical characteristic commonly seen in postpubertal males with Fragile X syndrome.
Correct answer is: Fragile X syndrome
Q.20 Which of the following is an appropriate first-line intervention for developmental language disorder?
Speech and language therapy
Stimulant medication
Antipsychotics
Surgery
Explanation - Early intervention with speech and language therapy improves communication outcomes in children with developmental language disorder.
Correct answer is: Speech and language therapy
Q.21 Which of the following is true about conduct disorder in children with neurodevelopmental disorders?
It may co-occur with ADHD
It is primarily due to poor parenting
It only occurs in adolescence
It is the same as oppositional defiant disorder
Explanation - Conduct disorder can co-occur with ADHD and involves repetitive and persistent patterns of behavior violating societal norms and rules.
Correct answer is: It may co-occur with ADHD
Q.22 Which neurodevelopmental disorder is characterized by deficits in attention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity?
ADHD
Autism
Intellectual disability
Rett syndrome
Explanation - Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is defined by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interfere with functioning.
Correct answer is: ADHD
Q.23 Which of the following statements about early intervention in neurodevelopmental disorders is correct?
Early intervention improves developmental outcomes
Early intervention is not necessary
It is only useful after age 10
It replaces the need for educational support
Explanation - Early identification and intervention in neurodevelopmental disorders enhance cognitive, social, and adaptive functioning.
Correct answer is: Early intervention improves developmental outcomes
Q.24 Which disorder is commonly associated with stereotyped movements and echolalia?
Autism spectrum disorder
ADHD
Fragile X syndrome
Rett syndrome
Explanation - Children with autism often display repetitive movements (stereotypies) and may repeat words or phrases (echolalia).
Correct answer is: Autism spectrum disorder