Q.1 Which is the most common cause of acute bronchiolitis in infants?
Influenza virus
Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Adenovirus
Parainfluenza virus
Explanation - RSV is the leading cause of acute bronchiolitis in infants, particularly under 2 years of age.
Correct answer is: Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Q.2 A 3-year-old presents with barking cough and inspiratory stridor. The most likely diagnosis is:
Asthma
Croup
Epiglottitis
Bronchiolitis
Explanation - Croup (laryngotracheobronchitis) is characterized by a barking cough and inspiratory stridor in young children.
Correct answer is: Croup
Q.3 Which of the following is the hallmark sign of foreign body aspiration in a child?
Recurrent pneumonia
Sudden onset choking and coughing
Clubbing of fingers
Bilateral wheeze
Explanation - Sudden onset choking and persistent cough are classic signs of foreign body aspiration.
Correct answer is: Sudden onset choking and coughing
Q.4 The most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia in children is:
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Staphylococcus aureus
Explanation - Streptococcus pneumoniae is the leading bacterial cause of community-acquired pneumonia in children.
Correct answer is: Streptococcus pneumoniae
Q.5 Which of the following is NOT a typical feature of asthma in children?
Recurrent wheezing
Night-time cough
Barking cough
Exercise-induced breathlessness
Explanation - Barking cough is typical of croup, not asthma.
Correct answer is: Barking cough
Q.6 Which vitamin deficiency increases the risk of respiratory infections in children?
Vitamin A
Vitamin C
Vitamin D
Vitamin K
Explanation - Vitamin A deficiency impairs immune function and increases susceptibility to respiratory infections.
Correct answer is: Vitamin A
Q.7 A 5-year-old child has recurrent cough and sputum production with finger clubbing. The most likely diagnosis is:
Bronchial asthma
Bronchiectasis
Bronchiolitis
Viral pneumonia
Explanation - Bronchiectasis presents with chronic cough, purulent sputum, and finger clubbing.
Correct answer is: Bronchiectasis
Q.8 Which of the following is the drug of choice in acute severe asthma in children?
Adrenaline
Salbutamol
Ipratropium
Theophylline
Explanation - Salbutamol, a short-acting beta-2 agonist, is the first-line drug for acute asthma attacks.
Correct answer is: Salbutamol
Q.9 The classic triad of Kartagener’s syndrome includes situs inversus, bronchiectasis, and:
Asthma
Recurrent sinusitis
Pulmonary fibrosis
Emphysema
Explanation - Kartagener’s syndrome is a primary ciliary dyskinesia characterized by sinusitis, bronchiectasis, and situs inversus.
Correct answer is: Recurrent sinusitis
Q.10 Wheezing in children is most commonly caused by:
Asthma
Pneumothorax
Tuberculosis
Congenital heart disease
Explanation - Asthma is the most common cause of recurrent wheezing in children.
Correct answer is: Asthma
Q.11 Which bacteria is associated with 'whooping cough' in children?
Bordetella pertussis
Haemophilus influenzae
Streptococcus pyogenes
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Explanation - Pertussis is caused by Bordetella pertussis and is characterized by paroxysmal cough with a 'whoop'.
Correct answer is: Bordetella pertussis
Q.12 In cystic fibrosis, the abnormality lies in:
Sodium-potassium ATPase pump
CFTR chloride channel
Calcium channel
Potassium leak channel
Explanation - Cystic fibrosis results from mutations in the CFTR chloride channel gene leading to thick secretions.
Correct answer is: CFTR chloride channel
Q.13 Which of the following is the most common cause of recurrent wheezing in infants?
Asthma
Congenital malformation
RSV bronchiolitis
Aspiration pneumonia
Explanation - RSV bronchiolitis is the leading cause of wheezing in infants under 1 year.
Correct answer is: RSV bronchiolitis
Q.14 The most specific investigation for cystic fibrosis diagnosis is:
Chest X-ray
Sweat chloride test
CT chest
Bronchoscopy
Explanation - The sweat chloride test is the diagnostic gold standard for cystic fibrosis.
Correct answer is: Sweat chloride test
Q.15 Which is the most common viral cause of pneumonia in children under 5 years?
Adenovirus
Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Influenza virus
Rhinovirus
Explanation - RSV is the most common viral cause of pneumonia in young children.
Correct answer is: Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Q.16 A 6-year-old with sudden wheezing and unilateral decreased breath sounds most likely has:
Asthma
Pneumonia
Foreign body aspiration
Bronchiolitis
Explanation - Foreign body aspiration causes unilateral wheeze and reduced breath sounds.
Correct answer is: Foreign body aspiration
Q.17 Which antibiotic is the first choice for community-acquired pneumonia in a previously healthy child?
Ceftriaxone
Amoxicillin
Azithromycin
Vancomycin
Explanation - Amoxicillin is the first-line treatment for uncomplicated community-acquired pneumonia in children.
Correct answer is: Amoxicillin
Q.18 Allergic rhinitis in children is most commonly associated with:
Nasal polyps
Asthma
Cystic fibrosis
Epiglottitis
Explanation - Allergic rhinitis is part of the 'atopic triad' along with asthma and eczema.
Correct answer is: Asthma
Q.19 The first-line management of mild croup in children is:
Adrenaline nebulization
Oral dexamethasone
Intubation
Antibiotics
Explanation - Mild croup is treated with corticosteroids such as oral dexamethasone.
Correct answer is: Oral dexamethasone
Q.20 Which of the following is a common complication of measles in children?
Asthma
Bronchopneumonia
Bronchiectasis
Tuberculosis
Explanation - Bronchopneumonia is a frequent complication and leading cause of mortality in measles.
Correct answer is: Bronchopneumonia
Q.21 A 7-year-old presents with chronic productive cough, nasal polyps, and failure to thrive. The most likely diagnosis is:
Bronchial asthma
Cystic fibrosis
Kartagener’s syndrome
Primary tuberculosis
Explanation - Cystic fibrosis commonly presents with chronic cough, nasal polyps, and poor growth.
Correct answer is: Cystic fibrosis
Q.22 Which of the following is the earliest radiological finding in primary pulmonary tuberculosis in children?
Cavitation
Hilar lymphadenopathy
Miliary mottling
Pleural effusion
Explanation - Hilar lymphadenopathy is the earliest and most common radiographic finding in pediatric TB.
Correct answer is: Hilar lymphadenopathy
Q.23 Which immunization helps prevent severe lower respiratory tract infections in children?
DPT
Hib vaccine
MMR
Hepatitis B vaccine
Explanation - Hib vaccine prevents infections like pneumonia and epiglottitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b.
Correct answer is: Hib vaccine
Q.24 Which lung sound is typically heard in bronchiolitis?
Stridor
Fine crepitations
Rhonchi
Pleural rub
Explanation - Bronchiolitis is characterized by fine crepitations due to inflammation of small airways.
Correct answer is: Fine crepitations
Q.25 Which of the following is NOT a common trigger for asthma in children?
Dust mites
Exercise
Cold air
Vitamin supplements
Explanation - Asthma is triggered by allergens, exercise, infections, and cold air, but not vitamin supplements.
Correct answer is: Vitamin supplements