Q.1 Which vitamin deficiency is most commonly associated with rickets in children?
Vitamin A
Vitamin C
Vitamin D
Vitamin K
Explanation - Vitamin D deficiency leads to impaired calcium and phosphate metabolism, causing rickets in children.
Correct answer is: Vitamin D
Q.2 Phenylketonuria (PKU) is caused by a deficiency of which enzyme?
Phenylalanine hydroxylase
Tyrosinase
Lactase
Homogentisate oxidase
Explanation - PKU is an inherited disorder caused by deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase, leading to accumulation of phenylalanine.
Correct answer is: Phenylalanine hydroxylase
Q.3 Which mineral deficiency is commonly associated with pica in children?
Iron
Calcium
Zinc
Magnesium
Explanation - Iron deficiency in children can lead to pica, an abnormal craving for non-nutritive substances.
Correct answer is: Iron
Q.4 A 2-year-old child presents with edema, irritability, and hepatomegaly. Which type of malnutrition is most likely?
Kwashiorkor
Marasmus
Marasmic-Kwashiorkor
Rickets
Explanation - Kwashiorkor results from severe protein deficiency, leading to edema, hepatomegaly, and irritability.
Correct answer is: Kwashiorkor
Q.5 Which fatty acid is essential in the diet and cannot be synthesized by the body?
Palmitic acid
Linoleic acid
Stearic acid
Oleic acid
Explanation - Linoleic acid is an essential omega-6 fatty acid that must be obtained from the diet.
Correct answer is: Linoleic acid
Q.6 Which sugar should be avoided in children with hereditary fructose intolerance?
Glucose
Sucrose
Galactose
Lactose
Explanation - Sucrose contains fructose; children with hereditary fructose intolerance lack aldolase B to metabolize it, leading to hypoglycemia.
Correct answer is: Sucrose
Q.7 Which condition is caused by biotin deficiency in infants?
Beriberi
Pellagra
Alopecia and dermatitis
Scurvy
Explanation - Biotin deficiency can lead to alopecia, dermatitis, and neurological symptoms in infants.
Correct answer is: Alopecia and dermatitis
Q.8 What is the primary energy source for infants during the first 6 months of life?
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Fats
Vitamins
Explanation - Fats in breast milk provide the majority of calories and are essential for infant growth and brain development.
Correct answer is: Fats
Q.9 Which vitamin is necessary for proper clotting of blood in children?
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
Explanation - Vitamin K is required for synthesis of clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X, preventing hemorrhagic disease in infants.
Correct answer is: Vitamin K
Q.10 Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is due to a defect in metabolism of which amino acids?
Branched-chain amino acids
Aromatic amino acids
Sulfur-containing amino acids
Basic amino acids
Explanation - MSUD is caused by defective metabolism of leucine, isoleucine, and valine, leading to toxic accumulation.
Correct answer is: Branched-chain amino acids
Q.11 Which nutrient deficiency is associated with cheilitis, glossitis, and corneal vascularization?
Vitamin A
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
Vitamin B12
Vitamin D
Explanation - Riboflavin deficiency causes angular cheilitis, glossitis, and ocular changes like corneal vascularization.
Correct answer is: Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
Q.12 Which amino acid is essential for premature infants but not for older children?
Arginine
Lysine
Methionine
Tryptophan
Explanation - Premature infants have limited capacity to synthesize arginine, making it conditionally essential.
Correct answer is: Arginine
Q.13 A deficiency of which trace element can lead to growth retardation and delayed wound healing in children?
Zinc
Copper
Selenium
Iron
Explanation - Zinc deficiency impairs growth, immune function, and wound healing due to its role in enzymatic processes.
Correct answer is: Zinc
Q.14 Which type of malnutrition is characterized by severe wasting without edema?
Kwashiorkor
Marasmus
Marasmic-Kwashiorkor
Scurvy
Explanation - Marasmus results from overall energy deficiency leading to severe wasting and muscle loss, without edema.
Correct answer is: Marasmus
Q.15 Which vitamin deficiency causes night blindness in children?
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
Explanation - Vitamin A deficiency impairs rhodopsin formation in the retina, causing night blindness.
Correct answer is: Vitamin A
Q.16 Which inborn error of metabolism is associated with maple syrup odor of urine in neonates?
Phenylketonuria
MSUD
Galactosemia
Homocystinuria
Explanation - MSUD leads to accumulation of branched-chain amino acids, causing sweet-smelling urine.
Correct answer is: MSUD
Q.17 Which dietary component is most important for preventing anemia in children?
Vitamin C
Iron
Calcium
Vitamin D
Explanation - Iron is a key component of hemoglobin, and its deficiency leads to iron-deficiency anemia.
Correct answer is: Iron
Q.18 Which of the following is a feature of marasmic-kwashiorkor?
Edema without wasting
Severe wasting without edema
Combination of wasting and edema
Rickets-like skeletal changes
Explanation - Marasmic-kwashiorkor shows both severe wasting and edema due to mixed protein-energy malnutrition.
Correct answer is: Combination of wasting and edema
Q.19 Which metabolic disorder is caused by deficiency of galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase?
Fructose intolerance
Galactosemia
PKU
Tyrosinemia
Explanation - Classic galactosemia results from deficiency of galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase, leading to toxic accumulation of galactose-1-phosphate.
Correct answer is: Galactosemia
Q.20 Which vitamin deficiency is associated with scurvy in children?
Vitamin B12
Vitamin C
Vitamin D
Vitamin K
Explanation - Vitamin C is essential for collagen synthesis; deficiency causes scurvy with bleeding gums and impaired wound healing.
Correct answer is: Vitamin C
Q.21 Which fat-soluble vitamin is important for calcium absorption and bone health in children?
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
Explanation - Vitamin D promotes intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate, essential for bone mineralization.
Correct answer is: Vitamin D
Q.22 Which condition is caused by accumulation of homocysteine due to vitamin deficiency?
Pellagra
Homocystinuria
Maple syrup urine disease
Beriberi
Explanation - Homocystinuria results from vitamin B6, B12, or folate deficiency leading to accumulation of homocysteine and associated complications.
Correct answer is: Homocystinuria
Q.23 Which nutrient is crucial for myelination of the nervous system in infants?
Iron
Vitamin B12
Vitamin A
Calcium
Explanation - Vitamin B12 is essential for myelin formation, and deficiency can lead to neurological deficits in infants.
Correct answer is: Vitamin B12
Q.24 Which sugar is contraindicated in infants with galactosemia?
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
Sucrose
Explanation - Galactose cannot be metabolized in galactosemia, leading to accumulation and toxicity in infants.
Correct answer is: Galactose