Q.1 Which retinal layer is primarily affected in retinitis pigmentosa?
Photoreceptor layer
Retinal nerve fiber layer
Ganglion cell layer
Inner plexiform layer
Explanation - Retinitis pigmentosa mainly affects the rods and cones in the photoreceptor layer, leading to progressive vision loss.
Correct answer is: Photoreceptor layer
Q.2 The hallmark fundoscopic finding in diabetic retinopathy is:
Cherry red spot
Cotton wool spots
Optic disc cupping
Drusen
Explanation - Cotton wool spots represent microinfarctions in the retinal nerve fiber layer, commonly seen in diabetic retinopathy.
Correct answer is: Cotton wool spots
Q.3 A cherry red spot on fundoscopy is classically associated with:
Central retinal artery occlusion
Diabetic retinopathy
Retinitis pigmentosa
Age-related macular degeneration
Explanation - Central retinal artery occlusion causes ischemia of the retina except the fovea, which appears as a cherry red spot.
Correct answer is: Central retinal artery occlusion
Q.4 Drusen deposits are a characteristic finding in:
Retinal detachment
Glaucoma
Age-related macular degeneration
Retinitis pigmentosa
Explanation - Drusen are yellow deposits beneath the retina and are associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD).
Correct answer is: Age-related macular degeneration
Q.5 In retinal detachment, the most common symptom is:
Painless loss of vision
Eye pain
Red eye
Headache
Explanation - Retinal detachment typically presents with painless, progressive loss of vision, often preceded by flashes and floaters.
Correct answer is: Painless loss of vision
Q.6 Which diagnostic tool is most useful for evaluating macular edema?
Ophthalmoscopy
OCT (Optical Coherence Tomography)
Fluorescein angiography
Perimetry
Explanation - OCT provides cross-sectional imaging of the retina and is the most sensitive method for detecting macular edema.
Correct answer is: OCT (Optical Coherence Tomography)
Q.7 Which type of retinal detachment is most common?
Exudative
Tractional
Rhegmatogenous
Secondary
Explanation - Rhegmatogenous detachment, caused by retinal tears, is the most common type of retinal detachment.
Correct answer is: Rhegmatogenous
Q.8 Macular degeneration primarily affects which part of vision?
Peripheral vision
Central vision
Night vision
Color vision only
Explanation - The macula is responsible for sharp central vision; degeneration affects central vision while peripheral vision remains intact.
Correct answer is: Central vision
Q.9 Cotton wool spots in the retina are due to:
Microaneurysms
Nerve fiber layer infarcts
Venous obstruction
Pigment epithelial changes
Explanation - Cotton wool spots are caused by localized retinal nerve fiber layer ischemia due to microvascular damage.
Correct answer is: Nerve fiber layer infarcts
Q.10 Which vitamin deficiency can lead to night blindness due to retinal dysfunction?
Vitamin A
Vitamin B12
Vitamin C
Vitamin D
Explanation - Vitamin A is essential for the synthesis of rhodopsin in rods; its deficiency causes nyctalopia (night blindness).
Correct answer is: Vitamin A
Q.11 In diabetic retinopathy, neovascularization occurs due to:
Hypoxia-induced VEGF release
Increased intraocular pressure
Hyperpigmentation
Inflammation
Explanation - Retinal ischemia induces VEGF release, stimulating abnormal vessel growth in proliferative diabetic retinopathy.
Correct answer is: Hypoxia-induced VEGF release
Q.12 Retinoblastoma is associated with mutation of which gene?
RB1 gene
TP53 gene
BRCA1 gene
APC gene
Explanation - Retinoblastoma arises due to mutation in the RB1 tumor suppressor gene on chromosome 13.
Correct answer is: RB1 gene
Q.13 Which investigation best detects retinal vascular leakage?
CT scan
MRI
Fluorescein angiography
Ultrasound
Explanation - Fluorescein angiography highlights retinal circulation and is ideal for detecting vascular leakage.
Correct answer is: Fluorescein angiography
Q.14 Retinitis pigmentosa commonly presents first with:
Loss of central vision
Loss of color vision
Night blindness
Sudden blindness
Explanation - The earliest symptom of retinitis pigmentosa is nyctalopia due to degeneration of rod photoreceptors.
Correct answer is: Night blindness
Q.15 Which of the following is NOT a feature of hypertensive retinopathy?
Silver wiring of vessels
Flame-shaped hemorrhages
Cotton wool spots
Drusen deposits
Explanation - Drusen deposits are associated with macular degeneration, not hypertensive retinopathy.
Correct answer is: Drusen deposits
Q.16 The fovea centralis is responsible for:
Peripheral vision
Sharp central vision
Night vision
Color blindness
Explanation - The fovea has the highest density of cones, responsible for fine detail and central vision.
Correct answer is: Sharp central vision
Q.17 Which systemic condition is strongly associated with retinal vein occlusion?
Hypertension
Asthma
Peptic ulcer disease
Tuberculosis
Explanation - Hypertension and diabetes are the main risk factors for retinal vein occlusion.
Correct answer is: Hypertension
Q.18 The 'smoke stack' sign in fluorescein angiography is seen in:
Retinitis pigmentosa
Central serous chorioretinopathy
Retinal detachment
Diabetic macular edema
Explanation - In central serous chorioretinopathy, dye leakage appears as a 'smoke stack' pattern on angiography.
Correct answer is: Central serous chorioretinopathy
Q.19 Which retinal disorder is most associated with aging?
Retinoblastoma
Age-related macular degeneration
Retinitis pigmentosa
Congenital amaurosis
Explanation - AMD is strongly age-associated and a leading cause of vision loss in older adults.
Correct answer is: Age-related macular degeneration
Q.20 Which structure provides blood supply to the outer retina?
Central retinal artery
Ciliary body vessels
Choroid
Retinal vein
Explanation - The choroid supplies the outer retina, especially the photoreceptor layer.
Correct answer is: Choroid
Q.21 A patient with sudden painless monocular vision loss and a pale retina is most likely suffering from:
Retinal vein occlusion
Retinal artery occlusion
Glaucoma
Retinal detachment
Explanation - Central retinal artery occlusion causes sudden painless monocular blindness with a pale retina.
Correct answer is: Retinal artery occlusion
Q.22 Laser photocoagulation is commonly used in management of:
Proliferative diabetic retinopathy
Retinitis pigmentosa
Macular hole
Retinoblastoma
Explanation - Panretinal laser photocoagulation is a standard treatment for proliferative diabetic retinopathy.
Correct answer is: Proliferative diabetic retinopathy
Q.23 The earliest fundus change in diabetic retinopathy is:
Microaneurysms
Neovascularization
Macular edema
Retinal detachment
Explanation - Microaneurysms are the earliest detectable changes in diabetic retinopathy, seen as small red dots.
Correct answer is: Microaneurysms
Q.24 Retinitis pigmentosa shows which classic fundus finding?
Bone spicule pigmentation
Cotton wool spots
Cherry red spot
Macular edema
Explanation - Bone spicule pigmentation pattern in the periphery is a hallmark of retinitis pigmentosa.
Correct answer is: Bone spicule pigmentation
Q.25 Which part of the retina is specialized for color vision?
Fovea
Peripheral retina
Optic disc
Macular pigment
Explanation - The fovea has densely packed cones specialized for color and fine vision.
Correct answer is: Fovea