Q.1 Which of the following is the most common cause of vitreous hemorrhage in adults?
Diabetic retinopathy
Retinal detachment
Hypertensive retinopathy
Uveitis
Explanation - Proliferative diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of vitreous hemorrhage in adults due to fragile neovascular vessels that easily rupture.
Correct answer is: Diabetic retinopathy
Q.2 The macula is responsible primarily for:
Peripheral vision
Color vision and central vision
Night vision
Light reflex
Explanation - The macula, particularly the fovea, is rich in cone photoreceptors and provides detailed central and color vision.
Correct answer is: Color vision and central vision
Q.3 Which of the following is NOT a feature of central retinal vein occlusion?
Tortuous veins
Dot-blot hemorrhages
Cherry-red spot
Optic disc edema
Explanation - A cherry-red spot is typically seen in central retinal artery occlusion, not vein occlusion.
Correct answer is: Cherry-red spot
Q.4 Which condition shows 'bone spicule' pigmentation in the retina?
Retinitis pigmentosa
Diabetic retinopathy
Age-related macular degeneration
Retinal detachment
Explanation - Retinitis pigmentosa is characterized by bone spicule pigmentation due to degeneration of photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium.
Correct answer is: Retinitis pigmentosa
Q.5 The most common cause of blindness in patients over 60 years in developed countries is:
Glaucoma
Cataract
Age-related macular degeneration
Retinitis pigmentosa
Explanation - AMD is the leading cause of irreversible blindness in the elderly population of developed nations.
Correct answer is: Age-related macular degeneration
Q.6 Which imaging technique is most useful for detecting macular edema?
Fundus photography
Optical coherence tomography (OCT)
Fluorescein angiography
Ultrasound B-scan
Explanation - OCT provides high-resolution cross-sectional images, making it the most sensitive tool for detecting macular edema.
Correct answer is: Optical coherence tomography (OCT)
Q.7 Which retinal layer is primarily affected in retinal detachment?
Retinal pigment epithelium
Neuroretina
Bruch’s membrane
Choroid
Explanation - In rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, the neurosensory retina separates from the underlying retinal pigment epithelium.
Correct answer is: Neuroretina
Q.8 A 'cherry-red spot' is most commonly seen in:
Central retinal vein occlusion
Central retinal artery occlusion
Diabetic retinopathy
Macular hole
Explanation - In CRAO, the surrounding retina becomes pale due to ischemia, while the fovea appears red due to underlying choroidal circulation.
Correct answer is: Central retinal artery occlusion
Q.9 Which of the following is a complication of high myopia affecting the posterior segment?
Posterior staphyloma
Arcus senilis
Pterygium
Blepharitis
Explanation - High myopia may cause thinning and bulging of the posterior sclera, known as posterior staphyloma.
Correct answer is: Posterior staphyloma
Q.10 Fluorescein angiography is primarily used to evaluate:
Corneal thickness
Retinal circulation
Lens opacities
Intraocular pressure
Explanation - Fluorescein angiography highlights retinal and choroidal blood flow and is valuable in diagnosing vascular disorders of the posterior segment.
Correct answer is: Retinal circulation
Q.11 Which condition is associated with drusen deposits in the retina?
Diabetic retinopathy
Age-related macular degeneration
Glaucoma
Retinitis pigmentosa
Explanation - Drusen are extracellular deposits found between the retinal pigment epithelium and Bruch’s membrane, characteristic of AMD.
Correct answer is: Age-related macular degeneration
Q.12 In toxoplasmosis retinochoroiditis, the classic lesion seen is:
Salt and pepper fundus
Headlight in the fog appearance
Cherry-red spot
Cotton-wool spot
Explanation - Toxoplasmosis retinochoroiditis typically shows a whitish retinal lesion with overlying vitreous haze, described as 'headlight in the fog'.
Correct answer is: Headlight in the fog appearance
Q.13 Cotton-wool spots in the retina represent:
Microaneurysms
Retinal nerve fiber layer infarcts
Exudates
Choroidal neovascularization
Explanation - Cotton-wool spots are caused by localized ischemia of the nerve fiber layer, leading to axoplasmic stasis.
Correct answer is: Retinal nerve fiber layer infarcts
Q.14 Which of the following systemic conditions is strongly associated with retinopathy of prematurity?
Premature birth and oxygen therapy
Diabetes mellitus
Hypertension
Hypothyroidism
Explanation - ROP occurs in premature infants due to abnormal retinal vascular development, often exacerbated by supplemental oxygen exposure.
Correct answer is: Premature birth and oxygen therapy
Q.15 A macular hole is best diagnosed by:
OCT
Slit lamp examination
Ultrasound A-scan
Tonometry
Explanation - Optical coherence tomography is the most sensitive and accurate method for detecting and staging macular holes.
Correct answer is: OCT
Q.16 In diabetic retinopathy, neovascularization occurs due to:
Retinal ischemia
Lens opacity
Glaucoma
Choroidal detachment
Explanation - Retinal ischemia stimulates release of VEGF, leading to pathological neovascularization in proliferative diabetic retinopathy.
Correct answer is: Retinal ischemia
Q.17 Which retinal condition is characterized by 'salt and pepper' fundus?
Congenital rubella
Diabetic retinopathy
Retinal vein occlusion
Central serous retinopathy
Explanation - Congenital rubella retinopathy produces areas of mottled pigmentation, classically described as 'salt and pepper' fundus.
Correct answer is: Congenital rubella
Q.18 What is the most common site of retinal tear leading to rhegmatogenous retinal detachment?
Superotemporal quadrant
Inferonasal quadrant
Macula
Optic disc margin
Explanation - Most retinal breaks occur in the superotemporal quadrant due to vitreoretinal traction.
Correct answer is: Superotemporal quadrant
Q.19 Which condition is characterized by 'angioid streaks' in the fundus?
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum
Diabetic retinopathy
Glaucoma
Macular hole
Explanation - Angioid streaks are crack-like dehiscences in Bruch’s membrane, commonly associated with pseudoxanthoma elasticum.
Correct answer is: Pseudoxanthoma elasticum
Q.20 Central serous chorioretinopathy typically affects:
Young adult males
Elderly females
Infants
Premature babies
Explanation - CSCR commonly occurs in young to middle-aged men, often associated with stress or corticosteroid use.
Correct answer is: Young adult males
Q.21 Which test is most useful for detecting scotomas in macular disease?
Perimetry
OCT
Tonometry
Gonioscopy
Explanation - Visual field testing with perimetry is useful for mapping central and paracentral scotomas in macular diseases.
Correct answer is: Perimetry
Q.22 The earliest clinical sign of diabetic retinopathy is:
Neovascularization
Cotton-wool spots
Microaneurysms
Hard exudates
Explanation - Microaneurysms are the first ophthalmoscopic sign of diabetic retinopathy, seen as small red dots in the retina.
Correct answer is: Microaneurysms
Q.23 Which inherited retinal disease is associated with night blindness as the earliest symptom?
Retinitis pigmentosa
Stargardt disease
Leber congenital amaurosis
Best disease
Explanation - Rod photoreceptor degeneration in retinitis pigmentosa causes early night blindness, followed by progressive field loss.
Correct answer is: Retinitis pigmentosa
Q.24 The presence of subretinal neovascular membranes is a hallmark of:
Wet age-related macular degeneration
Dry age-related macular degeneration
Retinitis pigmentosa
Retinal vein occlusion
Explanation - Wet AMD is characterized by abnormal choroidal neovascularization beneath the retina, leading to hemorrhage and scarring.
Correct answer is: Wet age-related macular degeneration
Q.25 Which posterior segment condition is most associated with HIV/AIDS?
Cytomegalovirus retinitis
Central serous retinopathy
Retinitis pigmentosa
Macular hole
Explanation - CMV retinitis is the most common opportunistic ocular infection in AIDS patients, leading to retinal necrosis.
Correct answer is: Cytomegalovirus retinitis