Q.1 Which of the following is the most common cause of leukocoria in children?
Retinoblastoma
Congenital cataract
Coats disease
Persistent fetal vasculature
Explanation - Leukocoria, or a white pupillary reflex, is most commonly caused by retinoblastoma in children, though other conditions like congenital cataract and Coats disease can also present similarly.
Correct answer is: Retinoblastoma
Q.2 Which eye condition is commonly associated with premature infants?
Retinopathy of prematurity
Congenital glaucoma
Strabismus
Retinoblastoma
Explanation - Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) occurs in premature infants due to abnormal retinal vascular development.
Correct answer is: Retinopathy of prematurity
Q.3 A 4-year-old child presents with inward deviation of the right eye since birth. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Esotropia
Exotropia
Hypertropia
Hypotropia
Explanation - Esotropia is an inward deviation of the eye and is the most common form of strabismus in young children.
Correct answer is: Esotropia
Q.4 Which of the following is the primary treatment for congenital cataract in infants?
Early surgical removal
Observation
Topical steroids
Laser photocoagulation
Explanation - Early surgical removal of visually significant congenital cataracts is essential to prevent amblyopia.
Correct answer is: Early surgical removal
Q.5 Which vitamin deficiency can lead to xerophthalmia in children?
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin B12
Vitamin C
Explanation - Vitamin A deficiency can cause xerophthalmia, leading to night blindness and keratomalacia in children.
Correct answer is: Vitamin A
Q.6 What is the most common type of pediatric glaucoma?
Primary congenital glaucoma
Juvenile open-angle glaucoma
Secondary glaucoma
Angle-closure glaucoma
Explanation - Primary congenital glaucoma is the most common type in children and presents within the first few years of life with tearing, photophobia, and corneal enlargement.
Correct answer is: Primary congenital glaucoma
Q.7 Which condition is characterized by a transient gray-white opacity on the cornea that resolves spontaneously in newborns?
Corneal haze of prematurity
Pseudopterygium
Keratoconjunctivitis
Posterior embryotoxon
Explanation - Corneal haze in premature infants is usually transient and resolves as the cornea matures.
Correct answer is: Corneal haze of prematurity
Q.8 Which of the following is the hallmark feature of retinopathy of prematurity?
Abnormal retinal vascularization
Optic disc cupping
Corneal opacity
Lens subluxation
Explanation - ROP is caused by incomplete vascularization of the retina, leading to abnormal neovascularization and potential retinal detachment.
Correct answer is: Abnormal retinal vascularization
Q.9 Which ocular sign is most indicative of congenital glaucoma in infants?
Buphthalmos
Leukocoria
Nystagmus
Strabismus
Explanation - Buphthalmos, or enlargement of the eye, is a classic sign of congenital glaucoma due to raised intraocular pressure.
Correct answer is: Buphthalmos
Q.10 A 2-year-old child presents with a downward deviation of the eye. What is the term for this condition?
Hypotropia
Hypertropia
Exotropia
Esotropia
Explanation - Hypotropia is a downward deviation of one eye, usually due to extraocular muscle imbalance or neurological causes.
Correct answer is: Hypotropia
Q.11 Which condition is most commonly associated with congenital rubella syndrome in children?
Cataract
Glaucoma
Retinoblastoma
Keratoconus
Explanation - Congenital rubella syndrome often causes bilateral cataracts along with other systemic abnormalities.
Correct answer is: Cataract
Q.12 Which of the following is the most common cause of visual impairment in children worldwide?
Refractive errors
Retinoblastoma
Congenital cataract
Corneal scarring
Explanation - Uncorrected refractive errors, especially myopia, are the leading cause of visual impairment in children globally.
Correct answer is: Refractive errors
Q.13 Which diagnostic test is most important for detecting retinoblastoma?
Ophthalmoscopy
Tonometry
Visual field testing
Corneal pachymetry
Explanation - Direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy allows visualization of intraocular tumors like retinoblastoma.
Correct answer is: Ophthalmoscopy
Q.14 Which of the following is the most common type of strabismus in children?
Esotropia
Exotropia
Hypertropia
Hypotropia
Explanation - Esotropia, or inward deviation, is more common in children than exotropia.
Correct answer is: Esotropia
Q.15 Which feature is characteristic of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction?
Epiphora since birth
Painful red eye
Sudden vision loss
Strabismus
Explanation - Congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction presents as persistent tearing (epiphora) and sometimes mucous discharge in infants.
Correct answer is: Epiphora since birth
Q.16 Which pediatric eye disease is associated with elevated intraocular pressure from birth?
Primary congenital glaucoma
Juvenile cataract
Retinopathy of prematurity
Amblyopia
Explanation - Primary congenital glaucoma is caused by maldevelopment of the anterior chamber angle, leading to raised intraocular pressure at birth or early infancy.
Correct answer is: Primary congenital glaucoma
Q.17 A 6-year-old child is unable to see the blackboard clearly but reads fine at home. What is the most likely cause?
Myopia
Hyperopia
Astigmatism
Cataract
Explanation - Difficulty seeing distant objects, such as the blackboard, while near vision remains intact, is typical of myopia.
Correct answer is: Myopia
Q.18 Which pediatric ocular condition is commonly associated with Down syndrome?
Esotropia
Exotropia
Keratoconus
Congenital cataract
Explanation - Children with Down syndrome have a higher incidence of esotropia, as well as refractive errors and other ocular anomalies.
Correct answer is: Esotropia
Q.19 Which of the following is the first-line management for amblyopia in children?
Occlusion therapy
Surgical correction
Laser therapy
Topical drops
Explanation - Occlusion (patching) of the dominant eye is the standard initial treatment to stimulate vision in the amblyopic eye.
Correct answer is: Occlusion therapy
Q.20 Which ocular sign is characteristic of retinopathy of prematurity stage 3?
Extraretinal fibrovascular proliferation
Cotton-wool spots
Cherry-red spot
Optic disc pallor
Explanation - Stage 3 ROP is marked by extraretinal fibrovascular proliferation that can lead to tractional retinal detachment if untreated.
Correct answer is: Extraretinal fibrovascular proliferation
Q.21 Which systemic disease is commonly associated with Coats disease in children?
None, usually sporadic
Diabetes mellitus
Hypertension
Marfan syndrome
Explanation - Coats disease is usually sporadic and not associated with systemic diseases; it causes retinal telangiectasia and exudation.
Correct answer is: None, usually sporadic
Q.22 Which type of cataract is commonly seen in children with galactosemia?
Oil droplet cataract
Posterior subcapsular cataract
Nuclear cataract
Anterior polar cataract
Explanation - Galactosemia in infants leads to accumulation of galactitol in the lens, causing the characteristic oil droplet cataract.
Correct answer is: Oil droplet cataract
Q.23 Which eye condition is characterized by involuntary rhythmic eye movements in children?
Nystagmus
Strabismus
Ptosis
Amblyopia
Explanation - Nystagmus is involuntary rhythmic oscillation of the eyes, often congenital or associated with visual impairment.
Correct answer is: Nystagmus
Q.24 Which imaging modality is most useful in diagnosing retinoblastoma?
Ultrasound B-scan
CT scan
MRI
Fundus photography
Explanation - B-scan ultrasonography is highly effective in detecting intraocular calcifications, a hallmark of retinoblastoma.
Correct answer is: Ultrasound B-scan