Q.1 Which imaging technique is most commonly used to visualize retinal layers in high detail?
Fluorescein angiography
OCT (Optical Coherence Tomography)
Ultrasound B-scan
Fundus photography
Explanation - OCT provides cross-sectional images of retinal layers, allowing detailed analysis of conditions like macular edema and glaucoma.
Correct answer is: OCT (Optical Coherence Tomography)
Q.2 What is the primary purpose of fluorescein angiography in ophthalmology?
Measure intraocular pressure
Visualize retinal vasculature
Examine corneal curvature
Assess optic nerve thickness
Explanation - Fluorescein angiography involves injecting dye and capturing sequential fundus photos to assess retinal and choroidal circulation.
Correct answer is: Visualize retinal vasculature
Q.3 Which dye is used in fluorescein angiography?
Indocyanine green
Methylene blue
Fluorescein sodium
Rose Bengal
Explanation - Fluorescein sodium is the standard dye used to study retinal vasculature in angiography.
Correct answer is: Fluorescein sodium
Q.4 In OCT imaging, what does increased retinal thickness often indicate?
Macular edema
Retinal detachment
Glaucoma
Dry eye disease
Explanation - Increased thickness on OCT is commonly associated with macular edema, often seen in diabetic retinopathy or vein occlusions.
Correct answer is: Macular edema
Q.5 Which imaging modality is preferred for evaluating choroidal circulation?
Fundus autofluorescence
Ultrasound
Indocyanine green angiography
OCT
Explanation - Indocyanine green dye highlights choroidal circulation better than fluorescein angiography.
Correct answer is: Indocyanine green angiography
Q.6 What imaging is best for detecting optic nerve head drusen?
OCT
Fundus autofluorescence
Ultrasound B-scan
Fluorescein angiography
Explanation - Ultrasound B-scan detects calcified optic nerve head drusen due to their echogenic appearance.
Correct answer is: Ultrasound B-scan
Q.7 Which imaging is typically used in cases where media opacities prevent fundus view?
OCT
B-scan ultrasonography
Fluorescein angiography
Fundus autofluorescence
Explanation - B-scan ultrasound can image the posterior segment when cataracts, vitreous hemorrhage, or corneal opacity block fundus view.
Correct answer is: B-scan ultrasonography
Q.8 Fundus autofluorescence imaging detects natural fluorescence from which retinal substance?
Melanin
Lipofuscin
Hemoglobin
Collagen
Explanation - Lipofuscin accumulates in the retinal pigment epithelium and gives autofluorescence, used to study retinal dystrophies.
Correct answer is: Lipofuscin
Q.9 Which imaging modality is commonly used to evaluate diabetic macular edema?
Fluorescein angiography
OCT
Ultrasound
Fundus autofluorescence
Explanation - OCT is most useful for quantifying and monitoring diabetic macular edema.
Correct answer is: OCT
Q.10 In fluorescein angiography, which phase immediately follows choroidal flush?
Arterial phase
Venous phase
Late phase
Recirculation phase
Explanation - After the choroidal flush, dye enters the retinal arteries, marking the arterial phase.
Correct answer is: Arterial phase
Q.11 Which imaging modality is safest in pregnant women with retinal disorders?
Fluorescein angiography
OCT
Indocyanine green angiography
CT scan
Explanation - OCT is non-invasive and does not use ionizing radiation or injectable dyes, making it safe in pregnancy.
Correct answer is: OCT
Q.12 A hyperfluorescent leakage pattern in fluorescein angiography indicates:
Blocked fluorescence
Vascular leakage
Window defect
Choroidal filling defect
Explanation - Leakage occurs when dye seeps out of abnormal vessels into retinal tissue, as seen in diabetic retinopathy.
Correct answer is: Vascular leakage
Q.13 Which imaging is most useful for evaluating vitreoretinal interface abnormalities?
Fundus photography
OCT
Ultrasound A-scan
Fluorescein angiography
Explanation - OCT shows vitreomacular traction, epiretinal membranes, and macular holes clearly.
Correct answer is: OCT
Q.14 Which imaging technique can assess optic nerve fiber layer thickness?
OCT
Fundus autofluorescence
Fluorescein angiography
Ultrasound B-scan
Explanation - OCT is widely used for monitoring nerve fiber layer thinning in glaucoma.
Correct answer is: OCT
Q.15 Indocyanine green dye fluoresces under which wavelength of light?
Blue
Red
Near-infrared
Ultraviolet
Explanation - ICG absorbs and emits near-infrared light, allowing choroidal imaging through pigment and blood.
Correct answer is: Near-infrared
Q.16 Which modality is most useful in evaluating retinal detachments with opaque media?
Fundus autofluorescence
OCT
B-scan ultrasonography
Fluorescein angiography
Explanation - B-scan easily detects retinal detachments even with opaque ocular media like dense cataracts.
Correct answer is: B-scan ultrasonography
Q.17 What is the main disadvantage of fluorescein angiography?
It requires dilation
It cannot image the choroid well
It is non-invasive
It gives cross-sectional views
Explanation - Fluorescein is absorbed by RPE and hemoglobin, making choroidal visualization difficult compared to ICG.
Correct answer is: It cannot image the choroid well
Q.18 Which imaging is most sensitive for early detection of glaucoma?
Visual field testing
Fundus autofluorescence
OCT
B-scan ultrasound
Explanation - OCT detects early nerve fiber layer thinning before visual field defects appear.
Correct answer is: OCT
Q.19 Which imaging test is best suited for assessing scleral and orbital lesions?
Fundus photography
B-scan ultrasound
Fluorescein angiography
OCT
Explanation - B-scan provides useful information about posterior sclera and orbital masses.
Correct answer is: B-scan ultrasound
Q.20 What does hypoautofluorescence in fundus autofluorescence indicate?
Lipofuscin accumulation
RPE atrophy
Vascular leakage
Retinal edema
Explanation - Hypoautofluorescence occurs where lipofuscin is absent, typically due to RPE cell loss.
Correct answer is: RPE atrophy
Q.21 In OCT angiography, blood flow is detected by:
Injected dyes
Motion contrast of red blood cells
Infrared emission
Mechanical vibration
Explanation - OCTA uses motion contrast from moving red blood cells, eliminating the need for dye injection.
Correct answer is: Motion contrast of red blood cells
Q.22 Which imaging test can show neovascular membranes without dye injection?
Fluorescein angiography
OCT angiography
B-scan ultrasonography
Fundus autofluorescence
Explanation - OCTA non-invasively shows abnormal neovascular networks.
Correct answer is: OCT angiography
Q.23 Which imaging modality is best for detecting calcified intraocular tumors?
OCT
Fundus autofluorescence
Ultrasound B-scan
Fluorescein angiography
Explanation - B-scan ultrasound highlights calcifications and tumor dimensions in intraocular lesions.
Correct answer is: Ultrasound B-scan
Q.24 The primary role of widefield fundus imaging is:
Measuring IOP
Visualizing peripheral retina
Assessing lens clarity
Examining corneal layers
Explanation - Widefield fundus imaging captures peripheral retinal pathology such as tears, detachments, and ischemia.
Correct answer is: Visualizing peripheral retina
Q.25 Which modality is considered the gold standard for imaging choroidal neovascularization?
Fluorescein angiography
OCT angiography
Indocyanine green angiography
B-scan ultrasonography
Explanation - Despite newer technologies, fluorescein angiography remains the gold standard for identifying CNV leakage.
Correct answer is: Fluorescein angiography