Q.1 Which structure forms the anterior boundary of the anterior chamber of the eye?
Lens
Cornea
Iris
Ciliary body
Explanation - The cornea forms the anterior boundary of the anterior chamber, while the iris and lens form the posterior boundary.
Correct answer is: Cornea
Q.2 Which is the most common cause of bacterial keratitis?
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Haemophilus influenzae
Explanation - Contact lens wearers are especially at risk of Pseudomonas keratitis, which can be rapidly destructive.
Correct answer is: Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Q.3 Which layer of the cornea is responsible for maintaining corneal deturgescence?
Epithelium
Stroma
Endothelium
Bowman's membrane
Explanation - The corneal endothelium pumps fluid out of the stroma, maintaining corneal clarity and deturgescence.
Correct answer is: Endothelium
Q.4 What is the first-line treatment for acute angle closure glaucoma?
Topical steroids
Topical beta-blockers
IV mannitol
Laser peripheral iridotomy
Explanation - IV mannitol is used as an emergency measure to lower intraocular pressure quickly, before definitive treatment with laser peripheral iridotomy.
Correct answer is: IV mannitol
Q.5 Which corneal dystrophy is characterized by honeycomb-shaped opacities?
Granular dystrophy
Macular dystrophy
Lattice dystrophy
Reis-Bücklers dystrophy
Explanation - Lattice corneal dystrophy shows linear and lattice-like opacities forming a honeycomb appearance.
Correct answer is: Lattice dystrophy
Q.6 Which structure secretes aqueous humor?
Trabecular meshwork
Lens epithelium
Ciliary processes
Iris stroma
Explanation - The non-pigmented epithelium of the ciliary processes is responsible for aqueous humor production.
Correct answer is: Ciliary processes
Q.7 Which condition is associated with Kayser-Fleischer rings in the cornea?
Wilson’s disease
Keratoconus
Fuchs’ dystrophy
Arcus senilis
Explanation - Kayser-Fleischer rings are due to copper deposition at Descemet’s membrane in Wilson’s disease.
Correct answer is: Wilson’s disease
Q.8 Which is the main site of resistance to aqueous outflow?
Canal of Schlemm
Iris
Trabecular meshwork
Ciliary body
Explanation - Most resistance to aqueous drainage occurs at the juxtacanalicular portion of the trabecular meshwork.
Correct answer is: Trabecular meshwork
Q.9 Which slit-lamp finding is pathognomonic of keratic precipitates?
Corneal edema
Endothelial deposits
Corneal thinning
Vascular pannus
Explanation - Keratic precipitates are inflammatory cell deposits on the corneal endothelium, often seen in uveitis.
Correct answer is: Endothelial deposits
Q.10 Which surgical procedure is definitive in managing primary angle closure glaucoma?
Trabeculectomy
Peripheral iridectomy
Phacoemulsification
Cyclophotocoagulation
Explanation - Laser peripheral iridectomy relieves pupillary block, the main mechanism in primary angle closure glaucoma.
Correct answer is: Peripheral iridectomy
Q.11 Which vitamin deficiency is associated with Bitot’s spots?
Vitamin A
Vitamin B1
Vitamin C
Vitamin D
Explanation - Vitamin A deficiency causes xerophthalmia, with conjunctival xerosis and Bitot’s spots as classic features.
Correct answer is: Vitamin A
Q.12 In keratoconus, which part of the cornea is most affected?
Peripheral superior
Inferior central
Superior central
Entire cornea equally
Explanation - Keratoconus is a progressive ectasia predominantly affecting the inferior central cornea.
Correct answer is: Inferior central
Q.13 Which of the following is NOT a sign of anterior uveitis?
Ciliary flush
Hypopyon
Keratic precipitates
Cherry-red spot
Explanation - A cherry-red spot is seen in retinal disorders like central retinal artery occlusion, not in anterior uveitis.
Correct answer is: Cherry-red spot
Q.14 What is the main function of the corneal epithelium?
Maintains transparency
Provides nutrition
Barrier protection
Produces aqueous humor
Explanation - The corneal epithelium protects against external pathogens and minor trauma.
Correct answer is: Barrier protection
Q.15 Which diagnostic tool is most useful for early detection of keratoconus?
Slit-lamp examination
Corneal topography
Fundus examination
Visual acuity test
Explanation - Corneal topography can detect subtle irregular astigmatism, allowing early keratoconus diagnosis.
Correct answer is: Corneal topography
Q.16 Which corneal layer does not regenerate after damage?
Epithelium
Bowman’s membrane
Stroma
Descemet’s membrane
Explanation - Bowman’s membrane does not regenerate, and damage leads to permanent scarring.
Correct answer is: Bowman’s membrane
Q.17 Which of the following is a common cause of interstitial keratitis?
Herpes simplex virus
Syphilis
Adenovirus
Fungal infection
Explanation - Interstitial keratitis is classically associated with congenital syphilis.
Correct answer is: Syphilis
Q.18 Which anterior segment structure contains Schlemm’s canal?
Cornea
Iris
Trabecular meshwork
Lens capsule
Explanation - Schlemm’s canal lies adjacent to the trabecular meshwork and drains aqueous humor.
Correct answer is: Trabecular meshwork
Q.19 What is the normal depth of the anterior chamber in adults?
1–2 mm
2–3 mm
3–4 mm
5–6 mm
Explanation - The anterior chamber depth in adults typically measures 3–4 mm.
Correct answer is: 3–4 mm
Q.20 Which drug can precipitate acute angle closure glaucoma?
Pilocarpine
Atropine
Timolol
Acetazolamide
Explanation - Atropine causes pupillary dilation, narrowing the angle and precipitating acute angle closure.
Correct answer is: Atropine
Q.21 Which corneal condition presents with a 'Fleischer’s ring'?
Keratoconus
Fuchs’ dystrophy
Pellucid marginal degeneration
Corneal ulcer
Explanation - Fleischer’s ring is an iron deposit at the base of the cone in keratoconus.
Correct answer is: Keratoconus
Q.22 What is the earliest symptom of acute angle closure glaucoma?
Headache
Sudden loss of vision
Halos around lights
Eye redness
Explanation - Patients initially notice colored halos due to corneal edema from raised intraocular pressure.
Correct answer is: Halos around lights
Q.23 Which topical drug is used to reduce corneal edema in Fuchs’ endothelial dystrophy?
Hypertonic saline
Topical steroids
Artificial tears
Beta-blockers
Explanation - Hypertonic saline drops draw water out of the cornea, reducing edema.
Correct answer is: Hypertonic saline
Q.24 Which condition is characterized by 'mutton-fat' keratic precipitates?
Fungal keratitis
Granulomatous uveitis
Bacterial conjunctivitis
Keratoconus
Explanation - Large, greasy mutton-fat keratic precipitates are seen in granulomatous anterior uveitis.
Correct answer is: Granulomatous uveitis
Q.25 Which instrument is used to measure corneal thickness?
Tonometer
Pachymeter
Keratometer
Perimeter
Explanation - Pachymetry measures corneal thickness, important in glaucoma and refractive surgery.
Correct answer is: Pachymeter