Q.1 Which is the most common gynecologic malignancy in developed countries?
Ovarian cancer
Endometrial cancer
Cervical cancer
Vulvar cancer
Explanation - Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecologic malignancy in developed countries, while cervical cancer is more common in developing regions.
Correct answer is: Endometrial cancer
Q.2 Which HPV types are most strongly associated with cervical cancer?
HPV 6 and 11
HPV 16 and 18
HPV 31 and 33
HPV 42 and 44
Explanation - HPV types 16 and 18 are high-risk subtypes responsible for approximately 70% of cervical cancers.
Correct answer is: HPV 16 and 18
Q.3 What is the most important prognostic factor in ovarian cancer?
Patient’s age
Histological type
Stage of disease
CA-125 levels
Explanation - The stage of ovarian cancer at diagnosis is the most critical prognostic factor, as early-stage disease has a significantly better survival rate.
Correct answer is: Stage of disease
Q.4 Which tumor marker is most commonly used in the diagnosis and follow-up of epithelial ovarian cancer?
CA-125
CEA
AFP
hCG
Explanation - CA-125 is elevated in about 80% of epithelial ovarian cancers and is useful for monitoring treatment response and recurrence.
Correct answer is: CA-125
Q.5 Which of the following is the most common histological subtype of cervical cancer?
Squamous cell carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
Small cell carcinoma
Clear cell carcinoma
Explanation - Squamous cell carcinoma accounts for about 70–80% of cervical cancers, while adenocarcinoma comprises around 10–15%.
Correct answer is: Squamous cell carcinoma
Q.6 Which genetic mutation is most commonly associated with hereditary ovarian cancer?
TP53 mutation
BRCA1/2 mutation
MLH1 mutation
KRAS mutation
Explanation - BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations significantly increase the risk of both ovarian and breast cancers.
Correct answer is: BRCA1/2 mutation
Q.7 What is the gold standard for diagnosing endometrial cancer?
Transvaginal ultrasound
Pap smear
Endometrial biopsy
MRI
Explanation - Endometrial biopsy provides histopathological confirmation and is the gold standard for diagnosing endometrial carcinoma.
Correct answer is: Endometrial biopsy
Q.8 Which ovarian tumor is associated with precocious puberty in young girls?
Serous cystadenoma
Granulosa cell tumor
Dysgerminoma
Yolk sac tumor
Explanation - Granulosa cell tumors are sex-cord stromal tumors that produce estrogen and may cause precocious puberty.
Correct answer is: Granulosa cell tumor
Q.9 The most common symptom of endometrial cancer is:
Pelvic pain
Postmenopausal bleeding
Pelvic mass
Weight loss
Explanation - Postmenopausal bleeding is the most common presenting symptom of endometrial cancer and should always be evaluated.
Correct answer is: Postmenopausal bleeding
Q.10 What is the standard surgical management of early-stage cervical cancer?
Simple hysterectomy
Radical hysterectomy with lymphadenectomy
Chemotherapy alone
Radiotherapy alone
Explanation - Early-stage cervical cancer is typically managed with radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection.
Correct answer is: Radical hysterectomy with lymphadenectomy
Q.11 Which imaging modality is most sensitive for detecting ovarian cancer spread within the abdomen?
Ultrasound
CT scan
MRI
PET scan
Explanation - CT scans are commonly used to assess the extent of ovarian cancer spread within the abdomen and pelvis.
Correct answer is: CT scan
Q.12 Which chemotherapy agent is most commonly used in ovarian cancer?
Methotrexate
Paclitaxel
Vincristine
Bleomycin
Explanation - Paclitaxel, in combination with carboplatin, is the standard chemotherapy regimen for ovarian cancer.
Correct answer is: Paclitaxel
Q.13 Which of the following is a risk factor for endometrial cancer?
Multiparity
Use of combined oral contraceptives
Unopposed estrogen therapy
Smoking
Explanation - Unopposed estrogen exposure increases the risk of endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma.
Correct answer is: Unopposed estrogen therapy
Q.14 Which ovarian tumor is most commonly bilateral?
Serous cystadenocarcinoma
Mucinous cystadenoma
Granulosa cell tumor
Brenner tumor
Explanation - Serous cystadenocarcinoma is the most common epithelial ovarian carcinoma and is frequently bilateral.
Correct answer is: Serous cystadenocarcinoma
Q.15 Which gynecologic cancer is most strongly associated with obesity?
Cervical cancer
Endometrial cancer
Ovarian cancer
Vulvar cancer
Explanation - Obesity increases estrogen exposure through peripheral conversion of androgens, raising the risk of endometrial carcinoma.
Correct answer is: Endometrial cancer
Q.16 What is the FIGO staging system primarily used for?
Breast cancer
Endometrial and cervical cancers
Colorectal cancer
Ovarian cancer only
Explanation - The FIGO system is widely used for staging gynecologic malignancies, particularly endometrial, cervical, and ovarian cancers.
Correct answer is: Endometrial and cervical cancers
Q.17 Which ovarian germ cell tumor is most radiosensitive?
Dysgerminoma
Yolk sac tumor
Embryonal carcinoma
Teratoma
Explanation - Dysgerminomas are highly radiosensitive tumors, although chemotherapy is often preferred in younger patients to preserve fertility.
Correct answer is: Dysgerminoma
Q.18 Which is the most common vulvar malignancy?
Melanoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
Sarcoma
Explanation - Squamous cell carcinoma accounts for about 90% of vulvar cancers.
Correct answer is: Squamous cell carcinoma
Q.19 Which gynecologic cancer is most preventable through vaccination?
Ovarian cancer
Endometrial cancer
Cervical cancer
Vulvar cancer
Explanation - Cervical cancer is strongly associated with HPV infection and is largely preventable through HPV vaccination.
Correct answer is: Cervical cancer
Q.20 Which ovarian tumor marker is elevated in yolk sac tumors?
CA-125
AFP
hCG
LDH
Explanation - Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is a marker elevated in yolk sac tumors of the ovary.
Correct answer is: AFP
Q.21 The Papanicolaou (Pap) smear is primarily used for screening of which cancer?
Ovarian cancer
Endometrial cancer
Cervical cancer
Vulvar cancer
Explanation - The Pap smear is an effective screening tool for cervical cancer and its precursors.
Correct answer is: Cervical cancer
Q.22 What is the mainstay of treatment for gestational trophoblastic neoplasia?
Surgery
Chemotherapy
Radiation
Immunotherapy
Explanation - Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia is highly sensitive to chemotherapy, with excellent cure rates.
Correct answer is: Chemotherapy
Q.23 Which ovarian tumor is associated with pseudomyxoma peritonei?
Serous cystadenoma
Mucinous cystadenoma
Granulosa cell tumor
Brenner tumor
Explanation - Mucinous tumors can rupture and cause pseudomyxoma peritonei, characterized by mucinous ascites.
Correct answer is: Mucinous cystadenoma
Q.24 What is the most common site of metastasis in ovarian cancer?
Liver
Lung
Peritoneum
Bone
Explanation - Ovarian cancer typically spreads transperitoneally, making the peritoneum the most common metastatic site.
Correct answer is: Peritoneum
Q.25 Which histological subtype of endometrial cancer has the worst prognosis?
Endometrioid carcinoma
Serous carcinoma
Clear cell carcinoma
Mucinous carcinoma
Explanation - Serous carcinoma of the endometrium is aggressive and associated with poor prognosis compared to endometrioid type.
Correct answer is: Serous carcinoma