Q.1 Which measure is most effective in preventing the spread of communicable diseases?
Vaccination
Antibiotics
Surgery
Analgesics
Explanation - Vaccination is the most effective preventive measure against many communicable diseases by inducing immunity in individuals and communities.
Correct answer is: Vaccination
Q.2 The infant mortality rate (IMR) is defined as:
Deaths of infants under 1 year per 1000 live births
Deaths of children under 5 years per 1000 live births
Deaths of neonates per 1000 births
Deaths of mothers per 1000 live births
Explanation - IMR is a crucial indicator of population health and health system effectiveness, measured as deaths under 1 year per 1000 live births.
Correct answer is: Deaths of infants under 1 year per 1000 live births
Q.3 Which of the following is a primary prevention measure?
Rehabilitation after stroke
Screening for hypertension
Vaccination against measles
Surgical removal of tumors
Explanation - Primary prevention aims to prevent disease occurrence, and vaccination is a key example.
Correct answer is: Vaccination against measles
Q.4 Epidemiology is BEST defined as:
Study of epidemics only
Study of distribution and determinants of health-related states in populations
Study of laboratory methods in disease diagnosis
Study of disease in individuals
Explanation - Epidemiology deals with distribution and determinants of health events in populations, helping in disease control and prevention.
Correct answer is: Study of distribution and determinants of health-related states in populations
Q.5 The most important method of preventing waterborne diseases is:
Boiling water
Chlorination of water supply
Filtration with cloth
Adding salt to water
Explanation - Chlorination ensures safe community-level drinking water, preventing waterborne outbreaks.
Correct answer is: Chlorination of water supply
Q.6 The global initiative to eradicate polio is led by:
UNICEF
World Health Organization
Red Cross
Doctors Without Borders
Explanation - WHO, with partners like UNICEF and Rotary International, leads global efforts to eradicate polio.
Correct answer is: World Health Organization
Q.7 The incubation period of measles is approximately:
2–4 days
7–14 days
21–28 days
1–2 months
Explanation - Measles incubation lasts 7–14 days before symptoms like fever and rash appear.
Correct answer is: 7–14 days
Q.8 Which is NOT a component of the epidemiological triad?
Agent
Host
Environment
Treatment
Explanation - The triad consists of agent, host, and environment. Treatment is not part of it.
Correct answer is: Treatment
Q.9 The 'herd immunity threshold' refers to:
The number of people needing treatment
Proportion immune required to prevent outbreaks
Total eradication of a disease
Immunity passed from animals to humans
Explanation - Herd immunity threshold is the minimum immune proportion in a population to prevent disease spread.
Correct answer is: Proportion immune required to prevent outbreaks
Q.10 The first step in outbreak investigation is:
Confirm diagnosis
Define the outbreak
Establish existence of an outbreak
Collect laboratory samples
Explanation - Investigators first verify if the observed number of cases exceeds the expected baseline.
Correct answer is: Establish existence of an outbreak
Q.11 Which type of study is best for establishing causation?
Case-control study
Cohort study
Cross-sectional study
Ecological study
Explanation - Cohort studies follow exposed and unexposed groups over time, establishing cause-effect relationships.
Correct answer is: Cohort study
Q.12 The Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) was launched by WHO in:
1965
1974
1982
1990
Explanation - WHO initiated EPI in 1974 to ensure universal childhood immunization against major diseases.
Correct answer is: 1974
Q.13 The best method for assessing nutritional status of a community is:
BMI of a single person
24-hour dietary recall
Anthropometric surveys
Food frequency questionnaire
Explanation - Anthropometric surveys provide population-level data on malnutrition and growth trends.
Correct answer is: Anthropometric surveys
Q.14 Which one is a secondary prevention measure?
Vaccination
Rehabilitation
Screening mammography
Health education
Explanation - Secondary prevention detects disease early, e.g., screening before symptoms occur.
Correct answer is: Screening mammography
Q.15 DALY (Disability-Adjusted Life Year) combines:
Morbidity and Mortality
Mortality and Economy
Recovery and Treatment
Quality and Quantity of food
Explanation - DALY measures disease burden by combining years lost due to premature death and disability.
Correct answer is: Morbidity and Mortality
Q.16 Which is an example of a vector-borne disease?
Tuberculosis
Malaria
HIV/AIDS
Measles
Explanation - Malaria is transmitted through female Anopheles mosquitoes, making it vector-borne.
Correct answer is: Malaria
Q.17 Quarantine is used for:
Infected individuals
Healthy individuals exposed to disease
Recovered patients
Hospital staff only
Explanation - Quarantine separates exposed but healthy individuals to prevent disease spread.
Correct answer is: Healthy individuals exposed to disease
Q.18 The natural history of disease has how many stages?
2
3
4
5
Explanation - The four stages are: susceptibility, subclinical disease, clinical disease, and outcome.
Correct answer is: 4
Q.19 Which survey is used in India to assess health and family welfare indicators?
National Health Survey
Census of India
National Family Health Survey (NFHS)
Global Health Survey
Explanation - NFHS provides vital data on maternal, child health, and family welfare in India.
Correct answer is: National Family Health Survey (NFHS)
Q.20 The global target year for tuberculosis elimination is:
2025
2030
2035
2040
Explanation - WHO's End TB Strategy aims for TB elimination by 2035 through preventive and curative measures.
Correct answer is: 2035
Q.21 Which level of prevention does rehabilitation fall under?
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary
Explanation - Rehabilitation reduces disability and restores function, part of tertiary prevention.
Correct answer is: Tertiary
Q.22 A 'case fatality rate' refers to:
Number of deaths among exposed individuals
Proportion of deaths among diagnosed cases
Deaths per 1000 in a population
Deaths among hospitalized patients only
Explanation - Case fatality rate indicates disease severity by showing deaths among diagnosed cases.
Correct answer is: Proportion of deaths among diagnosed cases
Q.23 The gold standard for evaluating a new treatment is:
Case series
Randomized controlled trial
Cross-sectional study
Cohort study
Explanation - RCTs minimize bias and provide the strongest evidence for treatment effectiveness.
Correct answer is: Randomized controlled trial
Q.24 Which of the following is an example of primordial prevention?
Anti-tobacco legislation
Blood pressure screening
Treatment of diabetes
Rehabilitation after MI
Explanation - Primordial prevention prevents the emergence of risk factors, e.g., anti-smoking laws.
Correct answer is: Anti-tobacco legislation
Q.25 In epidemiology, 'attack rate' is used during:
Endemic situations
Epidemics/outbreaks
Pandemics only
Case-control studies
Explanation - Attack rate measures new cases during an outbreak within a population at risk.
Correct answer is: Epidemics/outbreaks