Q.1 A 5-year-old presents with fever, sore throat, and a 'strawberry tongue'. Which condition is most likely?
Scarlet fever
Kawasaki disease
Measles
Infectious mononucleosis
Explanation - Scarlet fever typically presents with fever, pharyngitis, and a strawberry tongue due to Group A Streptococcus infection.
Correct answer is: Scarlet fever
Q.2 Which of the following vaccines is contraindicated in a child with severe immunodeficiency?
MMR
DTP
Hepatitis B
Pneumococcal conjugate
Explanation - The MMR vaccine is live attenuated and contraindicated in immunocompromised children.
Correct answer is: MMR
Q.3 The most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia in children under 5 years old is:
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae type B
Respiratory syncytial virus
Explanation - RSV is the leading cause of pneumonia and bronchiolitis in children under 5.
Correct answer is: Respiratory syncytial virus
Q.4 A 2-year-old child presents with barking cough, inspiratory stridor, and hoarseness. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Epiglottitis
Croup
Bronchiolitis
Asthma
Explanation - Croup is characterized by barking cough, inspiratory stridor, and hoarseness due to viral laryngotracheobronchitis.
Correct answer is: Croup
Q.5 Kawasaki disease increases the risk of which complication?
Rheumatic heart disease
Coronary artery aneurysm
Pericarditis
Aortic stenosis
Explanation - Untreated Kawasaki disease can cause coronary artery aneurysms, making early IVIG therapy essential.
Correct answer is: Coronary artery aneurysm
Q.6 Which vitamin deficiency is most likely in exclusively breastfed infants without supplementation?
Vitamin A
Vitamin C
Vitamin D
Vitamin K
Explanation - Breast milk lacks sufficient Vitamin D, leading to risk of rickets in infants.
Correct answer is: Vitamin D
Q.7 Which is the most common congenital heart disease in children?
Tetralogy of Fallot
Atrial septal defect
Ventricular septal defect
Patent ductus arteriosus
Explanation - VSD is the most common congenital heart defect and often presents with a pansystolic murmur.
Correct answer is: Ventricular septal defect
Q.8 A child presents with recurrent fractures, blue sclera, and hearing loss. Which condition is most likely?
Rickets
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Marfan syndrome
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
Explanation - Osteogenesis imperfecta is a collagen defect causing fragile bones, blue sclera, and sometimes deafness.
Correct answer is: Osteogenesis imperfecta
Q.9 What is the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis in children worldwide?
E. coli
Norovirus
Rotavirus
Salmonella
Explanation - Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe diarrhea in young children globally.
Correct answer is: Rotavirus
Q.10 Which electrolyte abnormality is commonly seen in pyloric stenosis?
Hyperkalemia
Hyponatremia
Metabolic alkalosis
Metabolic acidosis
Explanation - Persistent vomiting in pyloric stenosis causes hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis.
Correct answer is: Metabolic alkalosis
Q.11 A 7-year-old child presents with periorbital edema, frothy urine, and hypoalbuminemia. The most likely diagnosis is:
Acute glomerulonephritis
Nephrotic syndrome
UTI
Hydronephrosis
Explanation - Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by edema, proteinuria, and hypoalbuminemia.
Correct answer is: Nephrotic syndrome
Q.12 Which of the following is a classic sign of epiglottitis in children?
Barking cough
Tripod position
Frothy sputum
Wheezing
Explanation - Epiglottitis causes drooling, dysphagia, and tripod positioning due to airway obstruction.
Correct answer is: Tripod position
Q.13 Which infection is associated with Koplik spots?
Measles
Rubella
Mumps
Scarlet fever
Explanation - Koplik spots are pathognomonic for measles and appear inside the mouth before the rash.
Correct answer is: Measles
Q.14 What is the first-line treatment for an acute asthma attack in a child?
Oral steroids
Oxygen
Inhaled salbutamol
IV magnesium
Explanation - Short-acting beta-2 agonists like salbutamol are the first-line treatment for acute asthma attacks.
Correct answer is: Inhaled salbutamol
Q.15 A child with sickle cell disease presents with acute bone pain. What is the most likely cause?
Septic arthritis
Osteomyelitis
Vaso-occlusive crisis
Leukemia
Explanation - Vaso-occlusive crisis is the most common cause of bone pain in sickle cell disease.
Correct answer is: Vaso-occlusive crisis
Q.16 Which of the following is the most common cause of meningitis in neonates?
Neisseria meningitidis
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Group B Streptococcus
Haemophilus influenzae
Explanation - Group B Streptococcus is the leading cause of neonatal meningitis.
Correct answer is: Group B Streptococcus
Q.17 Which genetic disorder is associated with a 'cat-like cry' in infants?
Down syndrome
Cri-du-chat syndrome
Turner syndrome
Klinefelter syndrome
Explanation - Cri-du-chat syndrome is caused by a deletion on chromosome 5 and presents with a high-pitched cry.
Correct answer is: Cri-du-chat syndrome
Q.18 Which of the following is the most common cause of seizures in children?
Epilepsy
Hypoglycemia
Febrile seizures
Meningitis
Explanation - Febrile seizures are the most common cause of seizures in children, often benign and self-limiting.
Correct answer is: Febrile seizures
Q.19 A child presents with a sandpaper-like rash and sore throat. Which infection is likely?
Scarlet fever
Measles
Rubella
Chickenpox
Explanation - Scarlet fever causes a sandpaper-like rash due to toxin-producing Group A Streptococcus.
Correct answer is: Scarlet fever
Q.20 In children, iron deficiency anemia typically presents with:
Jaundice
Microcytosis
Macrocytosis
Leukocytosis
Explanation - Iron deficiency anemia in children presents with hypochromic microcytic red blood cells.
Correct answer is: Microcytosis
Q.21 Which of the following is the most common renal tumor in children?
Wilms tumor
Neuroblastoma
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Renal cell carcinoma
Explanation - Wilms tumor is the most common renal malignancy in children, usually presenting as an abdominal mass.
Correct answer is: Wilms tumor
Q.22 Which clinical sign is most specific for dehydration in children?
Sunken eyes
Dry mucous membranes
Delayed capillary refill
Tachycardia
Explanation - Delayed capillary refill is one of the most reliable indicators of significant dehydration in children.
Correct answer is: Delayed capillary refill
Q.23 Which of the following conditions presents with café-au-lait spots?
Marfan syndrome
Neurofibromatosis type 1
Tuberous sclerosis
Fragile X syndrome
Explanation - Multiple café-au-lait spots are a classic feature of neurofibromatosis type 1.
Correct answer is: Neurofibromatosis type 1
Q.24 A newborn presents with continuous machinery murmur. What is the likely diagnosis?
Atrial septal defect
Patent ductus arteriosus
Ventricular septal defect
Tetralogy of Fallot
Explanation - PDA typically presents with a machinery-like continuous murmur, especially in preterm infants.
Correct answer is: Patent ductus arteriosus
Q.25 Which vitamin deficiency can lead to bleeding tendency in newborns?
Vitamin A
Vitamin C
Vitamin D
Vitamin K
Explanation - Vitamin K deficiency in newborns causes hemorrhagic disease due to impaired clotting factor synthesis.
Correct answer is: Vitamin K