Q.1 Which hormone is primarily deficient in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?
Insulin
Glucagon
Cortisol
Thyroxine
Explanation - Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus results from autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells, leading to absolute insulin deficiency.
Correct answer is: Insulin
Q.2 What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism worldwide?
Toxic multinodular goiter
Graves' disease
Thyroid adenoma
Iodine-induced thyrotoxicosis
Explanation - Graves’ disease, an autoimmune condition, is the leading cause of hyperthyroidism globally.
Correct answer is: Graves' disease
Q.3 Which of the following is NOT a feature of metabolic syndrome?
Hypertension
Hyperglycemia
Central obesity
Hypothyroidism
Explanation - Metabolic syndrome includes central obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, but not hypothyroidism.
Correct answer is: Hypothyroidism
Q.4 Addison’s disease is caused by deficiency of which hormone group?
Catecholamines
Corticosteroids
Thyroid hormones
Parathyroid hormones
Explanation - Addison’s disease is primary adrenal insufficiency leading to decreased production of glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens.
Correct answer is: Corticosteroids
Q.5 What electrolyte abnormality is most commonly associated with primary hyperparathyroidism?
Hyponatremia
Hyperkalemia
Hypercalcemia
Hypocalcemia
Explanation - Excess parathyroid hormone increases serum calcium by enhancing bone resorption and renal calcium reabsorption.
Correct answer is: Hypercalcemia
Q.6 Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is more common in:
Type 1 Diabetes
Type 2 Diabetes
Gestational Diabetes
Secondary Diabetes
Explanation - DKA occurs more frequently in Type 1 diabetes due to absolute insulin deficiency.
Correct answer is: Type 1 Diabetes
Q.7 Which of the following hormones is secreted by the posterior pituitary?
Oxytocin
ACTH
Prolactin
TSH
Explanation - The posterior pituitary stores and releases oxytocin and vasopressin (ADH), synthesized in the hypothalamus.
Correct answer is: Oxytocin
Q.8 Which medication is the first-line treatment for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?
Metformin
Insulin
Sulfonylureas
Thiazolidinediones
Explanation - Metformin is first-line due to its efficacy, safety profile, and cardiovascular benefits.
Correct answer is: Metformin
Q.9 Cushing’s syndrome is due to prolonged exposure to:
Aldosterone
Insulin
Cortisol
Androgens
Explanation - Cushing’s syndrome results from chronic glucocorticoid excess, endogenous or exogenous.
Correct answer is: Cortisol
Q.10 Which of the following is a classic symptom of hyperthyroidism?
Weight gain
Cold intolerance
Heat intolerance
Bradycardia
Explanation - Excess thyroid hormone increases metabolism, leading to heat intolerance and weight loss.
Correct answer is: Heat intolerance
Q.11 What is the primary treatment for myxedema coma?
IV insulin
IV levothyroxine
IV hydrocortisone
Oral liothyronine
Explanation - Myxedema coma is a severe form of hypothyroidism requiring urgent IV thyroid hormone replacement.
Correct answer is: IV levothyroxine
Q.12 Which test is used to screen for gestational diabetes?
Fasting lipid profile
Oral glucose tolerance test
Insulin tolerance test
HbA1c
Explanation - Gestational diabetes is diagnosed using an oral glucose tolerance test, typically between 24–28 weeks.
Correct answer is: Oral glucose tolerance test
Q.13 What is the most common cause of secondary hypertension?
Cushing's syndrome
Primary hyperaldosteronism
Renal artery stenosis
Pheochromocytoma
Explanation - Renal artery stenosis is the leading cause of secondary hypertension due to activation of RAAS.
Correct answer is: Renal artery stenosis
Q.14 Which hormone increases blood glucose during fasting?
Insulin
Glucagon
Prolactin
Calcitonin
Explanation - Glucagon stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis to maintain blood glucose during fasting.
Correct answer is: Glucagon
Q.15 Which condition is associated with moon face and buffalo hump?
Addison’s disease
Cushing’s syndrome
Acromegaly
Hypothyroidism
Explanation - Cushing’s syndrome causes fat redistribution, leading to moon face and buffalo hump.
Correct answer is: Cushing’s syndrome
Q.16 In acromegaly, which hormone is secreted in excess?
Growth hormone
Insulin
Thyroid hormone
Prolactin
Explanation - Acromegaly results from excess growth hormone secretion, usually due to a pituitary adenoma.
Correct answer is: Growth hormone
Q.17 Which vitamin deficiency can cause rickets in children?
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin K
Vitamin B12
Explanation - Vitamin D deficiency impairs calcium absorption, leading to rickets in children.
Correct answer is: Vitamin D
Q.18 Which of the following drugs is an insulin secretagogue?
Metformin
Sulfonylureas
Acarbose
Pioglitazone
Explanation - Sulfonylureas increase pancreatic insulin secretion by blocking potassium channels in beta cells.
Correct answer is: Sulfonylureas
Q.19 Which electrolyte abnormality is seen in SIADH?
Hypernatremia
Hyponatremia
Hyperkalemia
Hypokalemia
Explanation - SIADH causes excess water reabsorption, leading to dilutional hyponatremia.
Correct answer is: Hyponatremia
Q.20 Graves’ ophthalmopathy is due to:
Increased TSH secretion
Autoantibodies against TSH receptor
Deficiency of thyroxine
Iodine deficiency
Explanation - Graves’ disease involves autoimmune antibodies stimulating the TSH receptor, affecting thyroid and orbital tissues.
Correct answer is: Autoantibodies against TSH receptor
Q.21 What is the most common cause of hypothyroidism worldwide?
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
Iodine deficiency
Thyroidectomy
Radiation therapy
Explanation - Globally, iodine deficiency is the main cause, while in developed countries, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis predominates.
Correct answer is: Iodine deficiency
Q.22 Which hormone is responsible for milk ejection during breastfeeding?
Prolactin
Oxytocin
Estrogen
Progesterone
Explanation - Prolactin stimulates milk production, while oxytocin triggers milk ejection via myoepithelial contraction.
Correct answer is: Oxytocin
Q.23 What is the most common cause of pituitary adenoma?
ACTH-secreting tumor
Prolactinoma
TSH-secreting tumor
GH-secreting tumor
Explanation - Prolactin-secreting adenomas are the most common pituitary adenomas.
Correct answer is: Prolactinoma
Q.24 Which test is used to confirm pheochromocytoma?
Serum cortisol
Plasma free metanephrines
TSH levels
Fasting glucose
Explanation - Pheochromocytoma is confirmed by measuring plasma or urinary metanephrines.
Correct answer is: Plasma free metanephrines
Q.25 Which lipid abnormality is common in poorly controlled diabetes?
Low triglycerides
Low LDL
High HDL
High triglycerides
Explanation - Insulin resistance increases VLDL production, leading to hypertriglyceridemia in diabetes.
Correct answer is: High triglycerides