Q.1 What is the most common cause of acute otitis media in children?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae
Moraxella catarrhalis
Staphylococcus aureus
Explanation - Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most frequent bacterial cause of acute otitis media in children, though H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis are also common.
Correct answer is: Streptococcus pneumoniae
Q.2 Which vaccine is usually administered at birth?
Hepatitis B
MMR
DTaP
Polio
Explanation - The first dose of Hepatitis B vaccine is recommended at birth, with subsequent doses at later intervals.
Correct answer is: Hepatitis B
Q.3 Which sign is most specific for measles?
Koplik spots
Maculopapular rash
Fever
Conjunctivitis
Explanation - Koplik spots, small white lesions on the buccal mucosa, are pathognomonic for measles.
Correct answer is: Koplik spots
Q.4 What is the leading cause of mortality in children under 5 years worldwide?
Diarrheal diseases
Malaria
Pneumonia
Malnutrition
Explanation - Pneumonia is the leading cause of death in children under 5, especially in low-resource settings.
Correct answer is: Pneumonia
Q.5 Which vitamin deficiency is associated with rickets?
Vitamin A
Vitamin C
Vitamin D
Vitamin K
Explanation - Vitamin D deficiency leads to rickets, characterized by impaired bone mineralization in children.
Correct answer is: Vitamin D
Q.6 At what age should exclusive breastfeeding ideally continue up to?
2 months
4 months
6 months
12 months
Explanation - WHO recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life, after which complementary foods should be introduced.
Correct answer is: 6 months
Q.7 Which congenital heart disease is associated with a 'machine-like' murmur?
VSD
ASD
PDA
Tetralogy of Fallot
Explanation - Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) produces a continuous 'machinery' murmur due to persistent flow between aorta and pulmonary artery.
Correct answer is: PDA
Q.8 Which condition is characterized by the 'whooping' sound in cough?
Asthma
Pertussis
Croup
Bronchiolitis
Explanation - Pertussis (whooping cough) causes paroxysms of cough followed by an inspiratory 'whoop.'
Correct answer is: Pertussis
Q.9 Which is the first permanent tooth to erupt?
Central incisor
First molar
Canine
Premolar
Explanation - The first permanent molars erupt around age 6, earning them the name 'six-year molars.'
Correct answer is: First molar
Q.10 What is the most common cause of acute diarrhea in children worldwide?
Rotavirus
Norovirus
Salmonella
E. coli
Explanation - Rotavirus is the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis and diarrhea in children under 5.
Correct answer is: Rotavirus
Q.11 Which condition presents with 'barking cough' and stridor in children?
Asthma
Croup
Epiglottitis
Bronchiolitis
Explanation - Croup (laryngotracheobronchitis) is characterized by barking cough and inspiratory stridor due to subglottic inflammation.
Correct answer is: Croup
Q.12 What is the most common nutritional deficiency worldwide in children?
Iron
Vitamin D
Vitamin A
Iodine
Explanation - Iron deficiency anemia is the most common nutritional deficiency in children worldwide.
Correct answer is: Iron
Q.13 Which vaccine is contraindicated in immunocompromised children?
Polio (IPV)
MMR
Hepatitis B
DTP
Explanation - Live attenuated vaccines such as MMR are contraindicated in immunocompromised children.
Correct answer is: MMR
Q.14 Which is the most common cause of neonatal jaundice?
Hemolytic disease
Breastfeeding jaundice
Physiological jaundice
Sepsis
Explanation - Physiological jaundice, due to immature liver conjugation capacity, is the most common cause in neonates.
Correct answer is: Physiological jaundice
Q.15 Which condition shows 'steeple sign' on neck X-ray?
Croup
Epiglottitis
Pertussis
Bronchiolitis
Explanation - The 'steeple sign' is narrowing of the subglottic region seen in croup on X-ray.
Correct answer is: Croup
Q.16 Which is the most common cause of congenital hypothyroidism?
Iodine deficiency
Thyroid dysgenesis
Pituitary dysfunction
TSH resistance
Explanation - Thyroid dysgenesis (agenesis, hypoplasia, ectopy) is the leading cause of congenital hypothyroidism.
Correct answer is: Thyroid dysgenesis
Q.17 Which is the most common cause of wheezing in infants?
Asthma
Bronchiolitis
Croup
Epiglottitis
Explanation - Bronchiolitis, commonly caused by RSV, is the leading cause of wheezing in infants.
Correct answer is: Bronchiolitis
Q.18 What is the most common cause of chronic cough in school-aged children?
Asthma
Allergic rhinitis
Pertussis
GERD
Explanation - Asthma is the most frequent cause of chronic cough in school-aged children.
Correct answer is: Asthma
Q.19 Which deficiency causes night blindness in children?
Vitamin A
Vitamin B12
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Explanation - Vitamin A deficiency leads to night blindness and xerophthalmia in children.
Correct answer is: Vitamin A
Q.20 What is the most common cause of acute pharyngitis in children?
Streptococcus pyogenes
Adenovirus
Rhinovirus
Epstein-Barr virus
Explanation - Most cases of acute pharyngitis in children are viral, with adenovirus being a frequent cause. Group A Streptococcus causes a smaller proportion.
Correct answer is: Adenovirus
Q.21 Which childhood cancer is most common?
Neuroblastoma
Leukemia
Wilms tumor
Retinoblastoma
Explanation - Leukemia, particularly acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), is the most common childhood cancer.
Correct answer is: Leukemia
Q.22 Which condition shows 'thumb sign' on lateral neck X-ray?
Croup
Bronchiolitis
Epiglottitis
Asthma
Explanation - The 'thumb sign' indicates swollen epiglottis in epiglottitis.
Correct answer is: Epiglottitis
Q.23 Which genetic disorder is associated with a single palmar crease?
Turner syndrome
Down syndrome
Klinefelter syndrome
Fragile X syndrome
Explanation - Down syndrome often presents with a single palmar crease along with other dysmorphic features.
Correct answer is: Down syndrome
Q.24 Which parasite is most commonly responsible for anemia in children in tropical regions?
Ascaris lumbricoides
Ancylostoma duodenale
Giardia lamblia
Entamoeba histolytica
Explanation - Hookworm infection (Ancylostoma duodenale) causes chronic blood loss leading to anemia in children.
Correct answer is: Ancylostoma duodenale
Q.25 Which test is used to screen newborns for phenylketonuria?
Guthrie test
Coombs test
Sweat chloride test
Tandem mass spectrometry
Explanation - The Guthrie bacterial inhibition assay was traditionally used to detect phenylketonuria in newborns.
Correct answer is: Guthrie test