Q.1 Which of the following is the most appropriate first-line treatment for mild essential hypertension in an otherwise healthy adult?
Lifestyle modification
Beta-blockers
ACE inhibitors
Calcium channel blockers
Explanation - Lifestyle changes such as diet, exercise, and weight reduction are the first-line approach before pharmacological therapy in mild hypertension.
Correct answer is: Lifestyle modification
Q.2 What is the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia in adults?
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae
Chlamydophila pneumoniae
Explanation - Streptococcus pneumoniae remains the leading cause of community-acquired pneumonia in adults worldwide.
Correct answer is: Streptococcus pneumoniae
Q.3 In the management of type 2 diabetes, what is considered the first-line pharmacological therapy unless contraindicated?
Insulin
Sulfonylureas
Metformin
Thiazolidinediones
Explanation - Metformin is the first-line drug in type 2 diabetes because of its efficacy, safety profile, and cardiovascular benefits.
Correct answer is: Metformin
Q.4 Which screening test is recommended for colorectal cancer in adults aged 50–75?
Chest X-ray
Colonoscopy
Abdominal ultrasound
Stool antigen test for H. pylori
Explanation - Colonoscopy is the gold standard screening test for colorectal cancer in adults aged 50–75.
Correct answer is: Colonoscopy
Q.5 Which of the following is a reversible risk factor for coronary artery disease?
Family history
Male gender
Smoking
Age
Explanation - Smoking is a modifiable risk factor for coronary artery disease, unlike age, sex, or family history.
Correct answer is: Smoking
Q.6 A 35-year-old patient presents with fatigue and pallor. Lab tests show microcytic hypochromic anemia. The most likely diagnosis is:
Iron deficiency anemia
Vitamin B12 deficiency
Folate deficiency
Aplastic anemia
Explanation - Microcytic hypochromic anemia is most commonly due to iron deficiency.
Correct answer is: Iron deficiency anemia
Q.7 Which of the following vaccines is recommended annually for all adults?
Hepatitis B
Influenza
MMR
Tdap
Explanation - The influenza vaccine is recommended annually for all adults to reduce morbidity and mortality.
Correct answer is: Influenza
Q.8 Which antihypertensive medication is contraindicated in pregnancy?
Methyldopa
Labetalol
ACE inhibitors
Nifedipine
Explanation - ACE inhibitors are contraindicated in pregnancy due to risk of fetal renal damage.
Correct answer is: ACE inhibitors
Q.9 Which of the following is the most important risk factor for stroke?
Diabetes mellitus
Hypertension
Smoking
Atrial fibrillation
Explanation - Hypertension is the single most important risk factor for stroke.
Correct answer is: Hypertension
Q.10 Which BMI range defines obesity?
18.5–24.9
25–29.9
30–34.9
35–39.9
Explanation - Obesity is defined as BMI ≥30, with 30–34.9 classified as Class I obesity.
Correct answer is: 30–34.9
Q.11 What is the first-line therapy for generalized anxiety disorder in adults?
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
Benzodiazepines
Electroconvulsive therapy
Beta-blockers
Explanation - CBT is the recommended first-line treatment for generalized anxiety disorder, with or without medication.
Correct answer is: Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
Q.12 Which of the following conditions is most strongly associated with chronic heavy alcohol consumption?
Cirrhosis
Cholecystitis
Peptic ulcer disease
Pancreatic cysts
Explanation - Chronic heavy alcohol consumption is a major cause of liver cirrhosis.
Correct answer is: Cirrhosis
Q.13 Which of the following is the best diagnostic test for suspected deep vein thrombosis (DVT)?
X-ray leg
D-dimer test
Doppler ultrasound
MRI leg
Explanation - Doppler ultrasound is the gold standard non-invasive diagnostic test for DVT.
Correct answer is: Doppler ultrasound
Q.14 A patient presents with severe chest pain radiating to the left arm, diaphoresis, and shortness of breath. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Angina pectoris
Myocardial infarction
Pneumonia
Pulmonary embolism
Explanation - Typical presentation of myocardial infarction includes chest pain radiating to the arm with diaphoresis and dyspnea.
Correct answer is: Myocardial infarction
Q.15 Which of the following is the most important preventive measure against type 2 diabetes?
Regular insulin use
Lifestyle modification
Beta-blocker therapy
Vitamin D supplementation
Explanation - Diet and exercise remain the most important preventive strategies against type 2 diabetes.
Correct answer is: Lifestyle modification
Q.16 Which laboratory test is most useful for monitoring long-term glycemic control in diabetes?
Random blood sugar
Fasting blood sugar
HbA1c
Oral glucose tolerance test
Explanation - HbA1c reflects the average blood glucose over the past 2–3 months.
Correct answer is: HbA1c
Q.17 What is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in iodine-sufficient regions?
Iodine deficiency
Graves’ disease
Hashimoto thyroiditis
Thyroid cancer
Explanation - Hashimoto thyroiditis is the leading cause of hypothyroidism in iodine-sufficient areas.
Correct answer is: Hashimoto thyroiditis
Q.18 Which screening is recommended for all women aged 21–65?
Mammography
Pap smear
Pelvic ultrasound
CA-125 blood test
Explanation - Pap smear is the recommended screening tool for cervical cancer in women aged 21–65.
Correct answer is: Pap smear
Q.19 What is the recommended first-line therapy for acute asthma exacerbation?
Oral steroids
Inhaled corticosteroids
Short-acting beta-agonists
Leukotriene inhibitors
Explanation - Short-acting beta-agonists (e.g., salbutamol) are first-line for acute asthma relief.
Correct answer is: Short-acting beta-agonists
Q.20 Which of the following is the most important lifestyle modification to prevent osteoporosis?
High-protein diet
Weight-bearing exercise
Low-calcium diet
Vitamin E supplementation
Explanation - Weight-bearing exercise helps maintain bone mass and prevent osteoporosis.
Correct answer is: Weight-bearing exercise
Q.21 Which of the following is the best initial test for suspected chronic kidney disease?
Renal biopsy
Serum creatinine
CT scan
Urine cytology
Explanation - Serum creatinine is the first-line test for evaluating renal function and detecting CKD.
Correct answer is: Serum creatinine
Q.22 A patient with COPD presents with worsening cough and sputum. Which antibiotic is appropriate?
Amoxicillin
Vancomycin
Linezolid
Rifampicin
Explanation - Amoxicillin is often used for bacterial exacerbations of COPD.
Correct answer is: Amoxicillin
Q.23 Which of the following is the first-line treatment for major depressive disorder?
Cognitive behavioral therapy
Electroconvulsive therapy
Tricyclic antidepressants
SSRIs
Explanation - SSRIs are considered first-line pharmacological treatment for major depressive disorder.
Correct answer is: SSRIs
Q.24 Which of the following is the most effective intervention to prevent lung cancer?
Low-dose CT screening
Smoking cessation
Vitamin A supplementation
Regular chest X-rays
Explanation - Smoking cessation is the most effective strategy to prevent lung cancer.
Correct answer is: Smoking cessation
Q.25 What is the most common cause of secondary hypertension?
Pheochromocytoma
Chronic kidney disease
Cushing’s syndrome
Renal artery stenosis
Explanation - Chronic kidney disease is the leading cause of secondary hypertension.
Correct answer is: Chronic kidney disease