Q.1 Which of the following is the most common cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in children?
Staphylococcus aureus
Escherichia coli
Streptococcus pyogenes
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Explanation - Escherichia coli, a gram-negative bacterium, is the most common cause of UTIs in children due to its presence in the gastrointestinal tract and potential to ascend the urinary tract.
Correct answer is: Escherichia coli
Q.2 A 4-year-old child presents with hematuria and edema. Which condition is most likely?
Nephrotic syndrome
Acute glomerulonephritis
Pyelonephritis
Vesicoureteral reflux
Explanation - Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis commonly presents with hematuria, edema, and hypertension in children aged 3-7 years.
Correct answer is: Acute glomerulonephritis
Q.3 Which is the primary nursing intervention for a child with nephrotic syndrome?
Encourage high-protein diet
Monitor daily weight and edema
Administer diuretics without monitoring
Restrict fluids completely
Explanation - Monitoring daily weight and edema helps assess fluid retention and response to therapy in nephrotic syndrome.
Correct answer is: Monitor daily weight and edema
Q.4 Which of the following symptoms is typical in children with vesicoureteral reflux?
Frequent UTIs
Severe hypertension
Jaundice
Diarrhea
Explanation - Vesicoureteral reflux allows urine to flow backward into the ureters, increasing the risk of recurrent urinary tract infections.
Correct answer is: Frequent UTIs
Q.5 A child with Wilms tumor should not undergo which procedure before surgery?
Ultrasound
CT scan
Palpation of the abdomen
MRI
Explanation - Palpating the abdomen may rupture the tumor and cause metastasis; imaging studies are preferred.
Correct answer is: Palpation of the abdomen
Q.6 Which lab finding is expected in nephrotic syndrome?
Hyperalbuminemia
Proteinuria
Hypokalemia
Hematuria
Explanation - Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by heavy proteinuria due to increased glomerular permeability.
Correct answer is: Proteinuria
Q.7 Enuresis in children is defined as:
Daytime incontinence only
Nighttime incontinence after age 5
Frequent UTIs
Painful urination
Explanation - Primary nocturnal enuresis is involuntary urination during sleep in children older than 5 years without underlying pathology.
Correct answer is: Nighttime incontinence after age 5
Q.8 Which nursing measure is important for a child on continuous bladder irrigation after surgery?
Encourage immobility
Monitor urine color and output
Withhold fluids
Apply cold compress to abdomen only
Explanation - Monitoring urine color and output ensures the catheter is patent and bleeding is controlled after bladder surgery.
Correct answer is: Monitor urine color and output
Q.9 Hypospadias in a newborn is best described as:
Abnormal urethral opening on ventral penis
Undescended testes
Hydronephrosis
Obstruction of ureter
Explanation - Hypospadias is a congenital anomaly where the urethral opening is located on the ventral surface of the penis.
Correct answer is: Abnormal urethral opening on ventral penis
Q.10 Which is a priority nursing assessment for a child with acute renal failure?
Monitor for fluid overload
Encourage high protein intake
Limit all medications
Check for jaundice only
Explanation - Children with acute renal failure cannot excrete fluids effectively, making monitoring for overload critical.
Correct answer is: Monitor for fluid overload
Q.11 A child with polycystic kidney disease may present with:
Abdominal mass and hypertension
Frequent diarrhea
Jaundice
Dry skin only
Explanation - Polycystic kidney disease leads to enlarged kidneys, causing palpable abdominal masses and hypertension in children.
Correct answer is: Abdominal mass and hypertension
Q.12 Which medication is commonly used to reduce proteinuria in nephrotic syndrome?
Captopril
Furosemide
Prednisone
Amoxicillin
Explanation - Corticosteroids like prednisone reduce glomerular inflammation and decrease proteinuria in nephrotic syndrome.
Correct answer is: Prednisone
Q.13 Which sign is most indicative of urinary tract obstruction in infants?
Oliguria
Excessive crying during urination
Jaundice
Seizures
Explanation - Oliguria, or decreased urine output, is a primary sign of urinary tract obstruction in infants.
Correct answer is: Oliguria
Q.14 Which dietary measure is recommended for a child with kidney stones?
High calcium diet
Adequate hydration and reduced oxalate intake
High protein diet
No fluid restriction
Explanation - Hydration helps prevent stone formation, and reducing oxalate intake decreases the risk of calcium oxalate stones.
Correct answer is: Adequate hydration and reduced oxalate intake
Q.15 Posterior urethral valves are most likely to cause:
Hydronephrosis
Hypospadias
Testicular torsion
Nephrotic syndrome
Explanation - Posterior urethral valves obstruct urine flow, leading to backpressure and hydronephrosis in male infants.
Correct answer is: Hydronephrosis
Q.16 Which lab test is most useful to evaluate glomerular function?
Serum creatinine
CBC
Urine culture
Liver function test
Explanation - Serum creatinine levels reflect glomerular filtration and renal function.
Correct answer is: Serum creatinine
Q.17 Which nursing action is important for a child with hypospadias post-surgery?
Avoid tub baths until healed
Encourage sports immediately
Apply heat compress
Restrict fluids completely
Explanation - Preventing infection and protecting the surgical site by avoiding tub baths is crucial after hypospadias repair.
Correct answer is: Avoid tub baths until healed
Q.18 A 6-year-old with recurrent UTIs should be evaluated for:
Vesicoureteral reflux
Nephrotic syndrome
Glomerulonephritis
Polycystic kidney disease
Explanation - Recurrent UTIs in children often indicate vesicoureteral reflux, which can lead to renal damage if untreated.
Correct answer is: Vesicoureteral reflux
Q.19 Which symptom is characteristic of nephrotic syndrome?
Massive edema
Fever
Hematuria
Diarrhea
Explanation - Children with nephrotic syndrome typically present with generalized edema due to hypoalbuminemia.
Correct answer is: Massive edema
Q.20 Which condition may lead to chronic renal failure in children if untreated?
Posterior urethral valves
Hypospadias
Enuresis
Cystitis
Explanation - Obstruction from posterior urethral valves can cause progressive renal damage, leading to chronic renal failure.
Correct answer is: Posterior urethral valves
Q.21 A child with urinary tract infection should have which nursing intervention?
Encourage fluid intake
Restrict fluids
Limit ambulation
Apply heat to lower back only
Explanation - Increased hydration helps flush bacteria from the urinary tract and supports recovery.
Correct answer is: Encourage fluid intake
Q.22 Which clinical manifestation is common in Wilms tumor?
Painless abdominal mass
Dysuria
Hematuria
Frequent vomiting
Explanation - Wilms tumor often presents as a firm, painless abdominal mass in young children.
Correct answer is: Painless abdominal mass
Q.23 Which is a potential complication of untreated vesicoureteral reflux?
Renal scarring
Testicular torsion
Hydrocephalus
Glaucoma
Explanation - Reflux of urine into the kidneys can cause repeated infections, leading to renal scarring and long-term damage.
Correct answer is: Renal scarring
Q.24 For a child with acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, which nursing action is essential?
Monitor blood pressure
Encourage high-salt diet
Avoid monitoring fluid intake
Administer laxatives only
Explanation - Hypertension is a common complication in post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis; regular monitoring is crucial.
Correct answer is: Monitor blood pressure
Q.25 Which imaging study is preferred for detecting structural anomalies in the urinary tract of children?
Ultrasound
X-ray abdomen
ECG
Chest X-ray
Explanation - Ultrasound is non-invasive, safe, and effective for evaluating the kidneys and urinary tract in children.
Correct answer is: Ultrasound