Q.1 Which of the following is the most common cause of diarrhea in children under 5 years?
Rotavirus infection
E. coli infection
Giardia lamblia
Salmonella infection
Explanation - Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe diarrhea in children under 5 worldwide, causing dehydration and electrolyte imbalance.
Correct answer is: Rotavirus infection
Q.2 A 2-year-old child presents with a distended abdomen, jaundice, and clay-colored stools. Which disorder is most likely?
Biliary atresia
Hepatitis A
Celiac disease
Gastroenteritis
Explanation - Biliary atresia causes obstruction of bile flow, leading to jaundice, dark urine, and pale stools.
Correct answer is: Biliary atresia
Q.3 Which laboratory test is most useful to assess liver function in children?
ALT and AST levels
Serum amylase
Serum creatinine
Hemoglobin
Explanation - ALT and AST are liver enzymes; elevated levels indicate hepatocellular injury or inflammation.
Correct answer is: ALT and AST levels
Q.4 A child with severe gastroenteritis should primarily receive which type of therapy?
Intravenous antibiotics
Fluid and electrolyte replacement
Antifungal therapy
High-fat diet
Explanation - The mainstay of treatment for gastroenteritis is rehydration to prevent or correct dehydration.
Correct answer is: Fluid and electrolyte replacement
Q.5 Which dietary modification is recommended for children with celiac disease?
Gluten-free diet
Low-fat diet
High-protein diet
Lactose-free diet
Explanation - Celiac disease is triggered by gluten; eliminating gluten from the diet prevents intestinal damage.
Correct answer is: Gluten-free diet
Q.6 Which of the following is a classic sign of intussusception in a toddler?
Currant jelly stools
Hematemesis
Steatorrhea
Constipation
Explanation - Intussusception causes bowel obstruction and intestinal ischemia, leading to bloody stools with mucus known as currant jelly stools.
Correct answer is: Currant jelly stools
Q.7 A child with acute appendicitis typically presents with:
Right lower quadrant pain
Left upper quadrant pain
Diffuse jaundice
Excessive vomiting without pain
Explanation - Appendicitis often presents with periumbilical pain that localizes to the right lower quadrant, accompanied by nausea and sometimes fever.
Correct answer is: Right lower quadrant pain
Q.8 Which of the following is a key nursing intervention for a child with a nasogastric tube after pyloromyotomy?
Monitor tube placement and drainage
Encourage high-fat feeding immediately
Give oral antibiotics
Avoid daily weights
Explanation - After pyloromyotomy, the NG tube helps decompress the stomach. Ensuring proper placement and monitoring output prevents complications.
Correct answer is: Monitor tube placement and drainage
Q.9 Which condition is associated with a ‘peanut butter’ like consistency in stool due to malabsorption?
Cystic fibrosis
Intussusception
Hepatitis B
Appendicitis
Explanation - Cystic fibrosis causes pancreatic enzyme deficiency, leading to fatty, foul-smelling stools with a pasty consistency.
Correct answer is: Cystic fibrosis
Q.10 In children with acute hepatitis, which diet is recommended?
Small, frequent meals
High-fat meals
Low-protein diet
High-salt diet
Explanation - Acute hepatitis causes nausea and anorexia; small, frequent meals are easier to digest and reduce liver workload.
Correct answer is: Small, frequent meals
Q.11 Which imaging modality is preferred for diagnosing biliary atresia?
Ultrasound of the liver and bile ducts
CT scan of abdomen
X-ray of abdomen
MRI of brain
Explanation - Ultrasound is non-invasive and helps visualize the gallbladder and biliary tree to assess for biliary atresia.
Correct answer is: Ultrasound of the liver and bile ducts
Q.12 Which of the following signs indicates dehydration in a child with vomiting and diarrhea?
Sunken eyes
High-grade fever
Bradycardia
Excessive salivation
Explanation - Sunken eyes, dry mucous membranes, and decreased skin turgor are common signs of dehydration in children.
Correct answer is: Sunken eyes
Q.13 A 3-year-old presents with persistent vomiting, lethargy, and hypoglycemia. Which hepatic disorder should be suspected?
Galactosemia
Gastroenteritis
Appendicitis
Celiac disease
Explanation - Galactosemia is an inherited disorder leading to inability to metabolize galactose, causing liver dysfunction, hypoglycemia, and vomiting.
Correct answer is: Galactosemia
Q.14 Which medication is used to reduce gastric acid secretion in children with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?
Proton pump inhibitors
Antibiotics
Laxatives
Antifungals
Explanation - PPIs reduce acid secretion in GERD, promoting healing of esophagitis and reducing symptoms.
Correct answer is: Proton pump inhibitors
Q.15 Which of the following is a risk factor for developing necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates?
Prematurity
Full-term birth
Exclusive breastfeeding
Cesarean section without complications
Explanation - Premature infants have immature intestines and immune defenses, making them susceptible to necrotizing enterocolitis.
Correct answer is: Prematurity
Q.16 Which stool characteristic is typical in children with rotavirus infection?
Watery diarrhea
Bloody stool
Mucus-only stool
Constipation
Explanation - Rotavirus infection usually causes profuse watery diarrhea leading to dehydration.
Correct answer is: Watery diarrhea
Q.17 Which of the following is an important nursing intervention for a child with hepatic encephalopathy?
Monitor for changes in mental status
Encourage high-protein diet
Restrict fluid intake drastically
Administer antibiotics prophylactically
Explanation - Hepatic encephalopathy can cause altered consciousness; early detection of mental status changes is crucial.
Correct answer is: Monitor for changes in mental status
Q.18 Which of the following is the first-line treatment for pediatric constipation?
Increased dietary fiber and fluids
Immediate surgery
Antibiotics
High-fat diet
Explanation - Dietary modification and hydration are first-line treatments for functional constipation in children.
Correct answer is: Increased dietary fiber and fluids
Q.19 A child with jaundice, hepatomegaly, and dark urine is likely to have which condition?
Hepatitis
Gastroenteritis
Appendicitis
Intussusception
Explanation - Hepatitis causes liver inflammation leading to jaundice, enlarged liver, and bilirubinuria (dark urine).
Correct answer is: Hepatitis
Q.20 Which condition involves inflammation of the pancreas in children, often secondary to trauma or infection?
Pancreatitis
Hepatitis
Appendicitis
Celiac disease
Explanation - Pancreatitis in children can result from trauma, infection, or metabolic disorders, causing abdominal pain and vomiting.
Correct answer is: Pancreatitis
Q.21 Which laboratory finding is characteristic of biliary obstruction?
Elevated direct bilirubin
Low hemoglobin
Low serum amylase
Elevated serum creatinine
Explanation - Biliary obstruction leads to accumulation of conjugated (direct) bilirubin, causing jaundice.
Correct answer is: Elevated direct bilirubin
Q.22 Which vitamin deficiency is most commonly seen in children with cholestatic liver disease?
Vitamin K
Vitamin C
Vitamin B12
Vitamin D
Explanation - Cholestasis impairs fat-soluble vitamin absorption; vitamin K deficiency can lead to coagulopathy.
Correct answer is: Vitamin K
Q.23 Which nursing intervention helps prevent aspiration in a child with severe vomiting?
Position child on side
Encourage lying flat
Give large volumes of fluid quickly
Place in Trendelenburg position
Explanation - Side-lying position reduces risk of aspiration of vomitus in children with persistent vomiting.
Correct answer is: Position child on side
Q.24 Which condition in children is characterized by intolerance to cow's milk proteins leading to diarrhea and vomiting?
Cow's milk protein allergy
Celiac disease
Hepatitis
Pancreatitis
Explanation - Cow’s milk protein allergy causes gastrointestinal symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, and sometimes blood in stools.
Correct answer is: Cow's milk protein allergy