Q.1 Which of the following is the most common cause of acute otitis media in children?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Staphylococcus aureus
Escherichia coli
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Explanation - Streptococcus pneumoniae is the leading bacterial pathogen causing acute otitis media in children, followed by Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis.
Correct answer is: Streptococcus pneumoniae
Q.2 A 5-year-old child presents with a barking cough and stridor. Which condition is most likely?
Croup
Asthma
Bronchiolitis
Pneumonia
Explanation - Croup, or laryngotracheobronchitis, typically presents with a barking cough and inspiratory stridor, often caused by viral infections.
Correct answer is: Croup
Q.3 Which of the following is the primary treatment for mild dehydration in children?
Intravenous fluids
Oral rehydration therapy
Antibiotics
Diuretics
Explanation - Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) is the preferred treatment for mild to moderate dehydration in children, as it is safe and effective.
Correct answer is: Oral rehydration therapy
Q.4 Which symptom is most indicative of a urinary tract infection in infants?
Fever without source
Cough
Rash
Vomiting after feeding
Explanation - In infants, a urinary tract infection may present with nonspecific symptoms such as fever without other obvious source.
Correct answer is: Fever without source
Q.5 A child with chickenpox should be isolated primarily to prevent which complication?
Secondary bacterial infection
Contagion to others
Dehydration
Neurological damage
Explanation - Isolation is essential to prevent the spread of the varicella-zoster virus to other susceptible individuals.
Correct answer is: Contagion to others
Q.6 Which of the following vaccines is recommended at 2 months of age?
MMR
DTP
Hepatitis B
Varicella
Explanation - The DTP vaccine is part of the primary immunization series starting at 2 months of age to protect against diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis.
Correct answer is: DTP
Q.7 A child with asthma is experiencing sudden wheezing and difficulty breathing. What is the first-line treatment?
Oral corticosteroids
Short-acting beta-agonist inhaler
Antibiotics
Antihistamines
Explanation - Short-acting beta-agonist (SABA) inhalers, like albuterol, provide rapid bronchodilation and are the first-line treatment for acute asthma exacerbations.
Correct answer is: Short-acting beta-agonist inhaler
Q.8 Which of the following signs is most specific for dehydration in children?
Dry mucous membranes
Sunken eyes
Fever
Lethargy
Explanation - Sunken eyes are a specific clinical sign of dehydration in children, while other symptoms may be nonspecific.
Correct answer is: Sunken eyes
Q.9 Which of the following is the hallmark symptom of nephrotic syndrome in children?
Edema
Fever
Cough
Rash
Explanation - Nephrotic syndrome in children commonly presents with generalized edema due to protein loss in the urine.
Correct answer is: Edema
Q.10 A child with type 1 diabetes is at risk for which acute complication if insulin is missed?
Hypoglycemia
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Hypertension
Seizures
Explanation - Missing insulin doses in type 1 diabetes can rapidly lead to diabetic ketoacidosis, a life-threatening condition.
Correct answer is: Diabetic ketoacidosis
Q.11 Which of the following is the earliest sign of iron deficiency anemia in children?
Pallor
Fatigue
Shortness of breath
Heart murmur
Explanation - Pallor, particularly of the conjunctiva, is often the earliest visible sign of iron deficiency anemia in children.
Correct answer is: Pallor
Q.12 Which is the most common cause of bronchiolitis in infants?
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
Influenza virus
Adenovirus
Parainfluenza virus
Explanation - RSV is the most frequent viral cause of bronchiolitis in infants, leading to airway inflammation and obstruction.
Correct answer is: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
Q.13 A 4-year-old with persistent watery diarrhea is at risk for which complication?
Dehydration
Respiratory acidosis
Hypertension
Seizures
Explanation - Persistent diarrhea in children can quickly lead to dehydration due to fluid and electrolyte loss.
Correct answer is: Dehydration
Q.14 Which of the following is the most appropriate nursing intervention for a child with mild fever?
Encourage fluids
Administer antibiotics immediately
Restrict fluids
Apply ice packs extensively
Explanation - Maintaining hydration is a key nursing intervention in children with mild fever to prevent dehydration and support recovery.
Correct answer is: Encourage fluids
Q.15 Which of the following is a priority assessment in a child with suspected meningitis?
Neurological status
Abdominal tenderness
Heart rate
Weight gain
Explanation - Assessing neurological status is crucial in suspected meningitis to detect early signs of increased intracranial pressure or CNS involvement.
Correct answer is: Neurological status
Q.16 Which of the following is a common trigger for asthma exacerbation in children?
Allergens
High protein diet
Daily exercise
Sun exposure
Explanation - Allergens like dust, pollen, and pet dander are common triggers for asthma attacks in children.
Correct answer is: Allergens
Q.17 Which of the following is an early sign of congestive heart failure in infants?
Tachypnea
Peripheral edema
Hepatomegaly
Cyanosis
Explanation - Rapid breathing (tachypnea) is often the earliest detectable sign of heart failure in infants, before edema or cyanosis develops.
Correct answer is: Tachypnea
Q.18 A 3-year-old child presents with vomiting and 'currant jelly' stools. Which condition is most likely?
Intussusception
Appendicitis
Gastroenteritis
Hirschsprung disease
Explanation - Intussusception is a common cause of intestinal obstruction in young children and presents with episodic abdominal pain, vomiting, and bloody stools.
Correct answer is: Intussusception
Q.19 Which is the first-line management for mild asthma in children?
Low-dose inhaled corticosteroid
Leukotriene receptor antagonist
Oral corticosteroids
Antihistamines
Explanation - Inhaled corticosteroids at low doses are recommended as first-line maintenance therapy for mild persistent asthma in children.
Correct answer is: Low-dose inhaled corticosteroid
Q.20 Which of the following is the hallmark symptom of tonsillitis in children?
Sore throat
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Jaundice
Explanation - Sore throat is the primary symptom of tonsillitis, often accompanied by fever and enlarged tonsils.
Correct answer is: Sore throat
Q.21 Which of the following is a common symptom of iron deficiency anemia in toddlers?
Pica
Hypertension
Jaundice
Tachycardia only during sleep
Explanation - Pica, the craving and ingestion of non-food substances, is a common sign of iron deficiency in young children.
Correct answer is: Pica
Q.22 Which complication is most concerning in children with severe dehydration due to diarrhea?
Hypovolemic shock
Otitis media
Asthma
Rickets
Explanation - Severe dehydration can rapidly progress to hypovolemic shock in children, which is life-threatening and requires urgent intervention.
Correct answer is: Hypovolemic shock
Q.23 Which of the following is the primary mode of transmission of rotavirus in children?
Fecal-oral route
Airborne droplets
Direct skin contact
Vector-borne transmission
Explanation - Rotavirus is transmitted via the fecal-oral route and is a leading cause of severe diarrhea in infants and young children.
Correct answer is: Fecal-oral route
Q.24 Which nursing intervention is important for a child with viral gastroenteritis?
Encourage frequent small fluid intake
Administer broad-spectrum antibiotics
Limit oral intake
Provide high-fat diet
Explanation - Maintaining hydration through frequent small amounts of fluid is crucial in viral gastroenteritis since the child is at risk of dehydration.
Correct answer is: Encourage frequent small fluid intake
Q.25 Which of the following is a clinical feature of scarlet fever in children?
Strawberry tongue
Jaundice
Bullous skin lesions
Hematuria
Explanation - Scarlet fever presents with a characteristic 'strawberry tongue', fever, and a sandpaper-like rash due to Group A Streptococcus infection.
Correct answer is: Strawberry tongue