Q.1 Which of the following is the most common chronic disease in children?
Asthma
Diabetes Mellitus Type 1
Cystic Fibrosis
Congenital Heart Disease
Explanation - Asthma is the most common chronic condition in children, affecting the airways and causing recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, and coughing.
Correct answer is: Asthma
Q.2 A child with type 1 diabetes presents with fruity breath, nausea, and vomiting. What is the most likely complication?
Hypoglycemia
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State
Insulin Allergy
Explanation - These are classic signs of diabetic ketoacidosis, a life-threatening complication of type 1 diabetes requiring urgent medical intervention.
Correct answer is: Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Q.3 Which vaccine is recommended to prevent Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) infection?
MMR
DTaP
Hib vaccine
Polio vaccine
Explanation - Hib vaccine protects children from infections caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b, which can lead to meningitis and epiglottitis.
Correct answer is: Hib vaccine
Q.4 Which of the following nursing interventions is most important for a child with cystic fibrosis?
Strict bed rest
Airway clearance techniques
Low-protein diet
Fluid restriction
Explanation - Airway clearance helps remove thick mucus from the lungs, reducing the risk of infections and improving respiratory function in children with cystic fibrosis.
Correct answer is: Airway clearance techniques
Q.5 A child with measles is admitted to the pediatric ward. Which precaution should the nurse implement?
Contact precaution
Droplet precaution
Airborne precaution
Standard precaution only
Explanation - Measles is highly contagious and transmitted via airborne droplets; airborne precautions including negative pressure rooms and N95 masks are required.
Correct answer is: Airborne precaution
Q.6 Which laboratory test is most indicative of nephrotic syndrome in children?
Elevated serum creatinine
Proteinuria on urinalysis
Low hemoglobin
Hyperglycemia
Explanation - Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and edema in children.
Correct answer is: Proteinuria on urinalysis
Q.7 A child with leukemia is at high risk for infection. Which nursing measure is most appropriate?
Encourage outdoor play
Administer prophylactic antibiotics
Limit hand hygiene
Promote large group interactions
Explanation - Children with leukemia are immunocompromised, making prophylactic antibiotics essential to prevent serious infections.
Correct answer is: Administer prophylactic antibiotics
Q.8 Which symptom is most characteristic of rheumatic fever in children?
Polyarthritis
Persistent cough
Diarrhea
Night sweats
Explanation - Rheumatic fever often presents with migratory polyarthritis affecting large joints along with carditis, rash, and fever.
Correct answer is: Polyarthritis
Q.9 Which of the following is a common sign of dehydration in infants?
Bradycardia
Sunken fontanelle
Increased urine output
Warm extremities
Explanation - A sunken fontanelle is a reliable indicator of dehydration in infants, along with dry mucous membranes and decreased urine output.
Correct answer is: Sunken fontanelle
Q.10 A child with pertussis should receive which type of isolation?
Contact
Droplet
Airborne
Standard only
Explanation - Pertussis is highly contagious via respiratory droplets; droplet precautions should be implemented.
Correct answer is: Droplet
Q.11 Which of the following is the most appropriate diet for a child with cystic fibrosis?
Low-calorie, low-fat diet
High-calorie, high-protein diet
Low-sodium diet
Liquid-only diet
Explanation - Children with cystic fibrosis require a high-calorie, high-protein diet to meet increased energy needs and maintain growth.
Correct answer is: High-calorie, high-protein diet
Q.12 A 5-year-old child presents with a barking cough and stridor. Which condition is most likely?
Asthma
Croup
Bronchiolitis
Pneumonia
Explanation - Croup is characterized by a barking cough, inspiratory stridor, and hoarseness, commonly seen in children aged 6 months to 5 years.
Correct answer is: Croup
Q.13 Which of the following is a key nursing priority in a child with iron-deficiency anemia?
Administer iron supplements
Encourage high-calcium diet
Limit protein intake
Promote strict bed rest
Explanation - Iron supplementation is the primary treatment for iron-deficiency anemia to restore hemoglobin levels and prevent complications.
Correct answer is: Administer iron supplements
Q.14 Which complication is most common in children with sickle cell disease?
Stroke
Appendicitis
Tuberculosis
Celiac disease
Explanation - Children with sickle cell disease are at increased risk of stroke due to vaso-occlusion and impaired blood flow to the brain.
Correct answer is: Stroke
Q.15 Which sign indicates that a child with dehydration requires immediate IV fluids?
Mild thirst
Sunken eyes with lethargy
Slightly dry lips
Normal urine output
Explanation - Sunken eyes and lethargy indicate moderate to severe dehydration, requiring prompt intravenous fluid replacement.
Correct answer is: Sunken eyes with lethargy
Q.16 A child with hepatitis A is admitted. Which precaution is most important?
Droplet
Airborne
Contact
Standard
Explanation - Hepatitis A is transmitted via the fecal-oral route; strict contact precautions and hand hygiene are crucial to prevent spread.
Correct answer is: Contact
Q.17 Which medication is commonly used in the treatment of Kawasaki disease?
IV immunoglobulin
Oral steroids
Antiviral therapy
Insulin
Explanation - IV immunoglobulin is the mainstay treatment for Kawasaki disease to reduce inflammation and prevent coronary artery aneurysms.
Correct answer is: IV immunoglobulin
Q.18 A child with tuberculosis is prescribed multiple antibiotics. Which nursing intervention is important?
Ensure adherence to therapy
Encourage high-fat diet
Limit fluids
Avoid sunlight exposure
Explanation - Strict adherence to the TB medication regimen is essential to prevent drug resistance and ensure successful treatment.
Correct answer is: Ensure adherence to therapy
Q.19 Which is the hallmark sign of congenital rubella syndrome in a newborn?
Cataracts
Diarrhea
Cough
Rash in adolescence
Explanation - Congenital rubella can cause cataracts, deafness, heart defects, and developmental delays in newborns.
Correct answer is: Cataracts
Q.20 Which of the following is a priority nursing intervention for a child with severe asthma attack?
Administer bronchodilator immediately
Encourage deep breathing exercises
Give sedatives
Withhold oxygen
Explanation - Rapid administration of a bronchodilator (like albuterol) is critical to relieve airway obstruction during a severe asthma attack.
Correct answer is: Administer bronchodilator immediately
Q.21 Which laboratory test helps monitor kidney function in children with chronic kidney disease?
Serum creatinine
Blood glucose
Liver enzymes
Serum bilirubin
Explanation - Serum creatinine is a key marker of kidney function and helps assess progression of chronic kidney disease in children.
Correct answer is: Serum creatinine
Q.22 A child with varicella is admitted. Which precaution is necessary?
Airborne
Droplet
Contact
Standard only
Explanation - Varicella (chickenpox) is highly contagious and requires airborne precautions, including N95 masks and isolation.
Correct answer is: Airborne
Q.23 Which clinical feature is characteristic of tetanus in children?
Muscle rigidity and spasms
Persistent diarrhea
Cough and wheezing
Jaundice
Explanation - Tetanus presents with muscle stiffness, trismus (lockjaw), and generalized spasms due to neurotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani.
Correct answer is: Muscle rigidity and spasms
Q.24 Which of the following is an early sign of congestive heart failure in infants?
Weight gain
Tachypnea
Peripheral edema
Bradycardia
Explanation - Tachypnea is an early sign of heart failure in infants due to pulmonary congestion and decreased cardiac output.
Correct answer is: Tachypnea
Q.25 A child with HIV requires prophylaxis to prevent which common opportunistic infection?
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia
Measles
Chickenpox
Tetanus
Explanation - Children with HIV are immunocompromised and at high risk of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia; prophylactic treatment reduces morbidity and mortality.
Correct answer is: Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia