Q.1 Which diagnostic method is most commonly used to confirm the presence of cancer?
Biopsy
MRI
Ultrasound
X-ray
Explanation - A biopsy involves taking a tissue sample from a suspected tumor and examining it microscopically, which is the definitive method for diagnosing cancer.
Correct answer is: Biopsy
Q.2 The TNM staging system in cancer refers to:
Tumor size, Node involvement, Metastasis
Treatment, Nutrition, Medication
Time, Neutrophils, Morphology
Temperature, Necrosis, Metastasis
Explanation - The TNM system is used to stage cancer by evaluating the primary Tumor size, regional lymph Node involvement, and distant Metastasis.
Correct answer is: Tumor size, Node involvement, Metastasis
Q.3 Which imaging technique is most sensitive for detecting bone metastases?
Bone scan
CT scan
Ultrasound
PET scan
Explanation - Bone scans using radiotracers are highly sensitive for detecting metastatic lesions in the bones, often before they appear on X-ray.
Correct answer is: Bone scan
Q.4 A PET scan is primarily used in oncology to:
Detect metabolic activity of tumors
Measure blood pressure
Assess liver function
Examine bone density
Explanation - PET scans identify areas of high metabolic activity, which helps locate tumors and evaluate their response to treatment.
Correct answer is: Detect metabolic activity of tumors
Q.5 Which blood test is commonly used as a tumor marker for prostate cancer?
PSA
CA-125
CEA
AFP
Explanation - Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a protein produced by the prostate; elevated levels may indicate prostate cancer or other prostate conditions.
Correct answer is: PSA
Q.6 Fine-needle aspiration is used in cancer diagnosis to:
Obtain cells from a tumor for cytology
Remove a tumor completely
Deliver chemotherapy
Measure tumor size with imaging
Explanation - Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) extracts cells for microscopic examination, which helps confirm cancer without major surgery.
Correct answer is: Obtain cells from a tumor for cytology
Q.7 In cancer staging, what does Stage IV generally indicate?
Cancer has metastasized to distant organs
Cancer is confined to its origin
Cancer is precancerous
Cancer has only local invasion
Explanation - Stage IV cancer denotes advanced disease where cancer cells have spread to distant organs beyond the primary site.
Correct answer is: Cancer has metastasized to distant organs
Q.8 Which marker is elevated in most patients with ovarian cancer?
CA-125
PSA
AFP
CEA
Explanation - CA-125 is a glycoprotein that is often elevated in ovarian cancer, used for diagnosis and monitoring response to therapy.
Correct answer is: CA-125
Q.9 Endoscopy is most useful in cancer diagnosis for:
Visualizing internal mucosal surfaces and obtaining biopsies
Measuring bone density
Assessing lung function
Performing PET scans
Explanation - Endoscopic procedures allow direct visualization of gastrointestinal, respiratory, and urinary tract surfaces, often combined with biopsy for cancer diagnosis.
Correct answer is: Visualizing internal mucosal surfaces and obtaining biopsies
Q.10 Which imaging method provides the highest resolution for soft tissue tumors?
MRI
X-ray
Bone scan
Ultrasound
Explanation - Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) offers detailed images of soft tissues, making it ideal for detecting tumors in the brain, spine, and muscles.
Correct answer is: MRI
Q.11 Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a tumor marker primarily associated with:
Colon cancer
Breast cancer
Prostate cancer
Liver cancer
Explanation - CEA is elevated in colorectal cancer and is also used to monitor treatment response and detect recurrence.
Correct answer is: Colon cancer
Q.12 Which method is most appropriate to determine lymph node involvement in breast cancer?
Sentinel lymph node biopsy
Bone scan
PET scan
Endoscopy
Explanation - Sentinel lymph node biopsy identifies the first node to which cancer is likely to spread, guiding staging and treatment decisions.
Correct answer is: Sentinel lymph node biopsy
Q.13 Which test is most specific for detecting hepatocellular carcinoma?
AFP
CA-125
CEA
PSA
Explanation - Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is elevated in many patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and can aid in early detection and monitoring.
Correct answer is: AFP
Q.14 Which of the following is a non-invasive imaging technique used for initial cancer detection?
Ultrasound
Surgical biopsy
Fine-needle aspiration
Exploratory laparotomy
Explanation - Ultrasound is a non-invasive method using sound waves to visualize tumors, commonly used in breast, thyroid, and abdominal cancers.
Correct answer is: Ultrasound
Q.15 Which factor is most important in differentiating between benign and malignant tumors histologically?
Cellular atypia
Tumor size
Patient age
Tumor location
Explanation - Histological examination looks for atypical cells, mitotic figures, and tissue invasion to distinguish malignancy from benign lesions.
Correct answer is: Cellular atypia
Q.16 Which imaging technique is preferred for detecting brain metastases?
MRI with contrast
PET scan
X-ray
Bone scan
Explanation - Contrast-enhanced MRI provides high-resolution images of brain tissue, making it superior for detecting metastatic lesions.
Correct answer is: MRI with contrast
Q.17 Liquid biopsy detects cancer by analyzing:
Circulating tumor DNA in blood
Tissue biopsy samples
Bone marrow only
Urine cytology exclusively
Explanation - Liquid biopsy is a minimally invasive method that detects fragments of tumor DNA circulating in the blood, useful for diagnosis and monitoring.
Correct answer is: Circulating tumor DNA in blood
Q.18 Which of the following is a limitation of CT scans in cancer diagnosis?
Radiation exposure
Inability to detect tumors
Cannot image bones
Too slow for emergency
Explanation - CT scans use ionizing radiation, which is a limitation, especially for repeated imaging, although they provide detailed images of many tissues.
Correct answer is: Radiation exposure
Q.19 Which procedure is commonly used to stage gastrointestinal cancers?
Endoscopic ultrasound
Bone scan
PET scan of lungs
MRI of the brain
Explanation - Endoscopic ultrasound allows visualization and biopsy of tumors and regional lymph nodes, assisting in staging gastrointestinal cancers.
Correct answer is: Endoscopic ultrasound
Q.20 Which marker is often elevated in pancreatic cancer?
CA 19-9
AFP
PSA
CEA
Explanation - CA 19-9 is a carbohydrate antigen elevated in many pancreatic cancers and is used to monitor treatment response.
Correct answer is: CA 19-9
Q.21 Which diagnostic method can guide minimally invasive surgery for lung cancer?
CT-guided biopsy
PET scan
Ultrasound
Endoscopy
Explanation - CT-guided biopsy allows precise localization and sampling of lung tumors with minimal surgical intervention.
Correct answer is: CT-guided biopsy
Q.22 Staging of lymphoma is commonly based on:
Ann Arbor system
TNM system
PSA levels
Child-Pugh score
Explanation - The Ann Arbor system stages lymphoma according to the number of involved lymph node regions and presence of systemic symptoms.
Correct answer is: Ann Arbor system
Q.23 Which imaging modality combines metabolic and anatomic information in cancer evaluation?
PET-CT scan
Ultrasound
X-ray
MRI alone
Explanation - PET-CT combines PET's metabolic imaging with CT's anatomical imaging, providing comprehensive information for diagnosis and staging.
Correct answer is: PET-CT scan
Q.24 Which biopsy technique is preferred for soft tissue tumors that are difficult to access?
Core needle biopsy
Excisional biopsy
Fine-needle aspiration
Skin punch biopsy
Explanation - Core needle biopsy extracts a tissue cylinder from the tumor, providing sufficient material for histological diagnosis while being less invasive than excisional biopsy.
Correct answer is: Core needle biopsy
Q.25 Which factor is essential to consider when selecting a cancer staging method?
Tumor location and type
Patient height
Blood type
Hair color
Explanation - The choice of staging method depends on tumor location, histological type, and clinical presentation to ensure accurate assessment.
Correct answer is: Tumor location and type