Q.1 Which of the following is the primary cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
Allergic reactions
Cigarette smoking
Viral infections
Asthma
Explanation - Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of COPD, as it damages lung tissue and obstructs airflow over time.
Correct answer is: Cigarette smoking
Q.2 Which symptom is most characteristic of pneumonia?
Fever, cough with sputum, and dyspnea
Frequent urination
Joint pain
Abdominal cramps
Explanation - Pneumonia typically presents with fever, productive cough, and difficulty breathing due to infection in the lungs.
Correct answer is: Fever, cough with sputum, and dyspnea
Q.3 A patient presents with sudden onset of dyspnea, chest pain, and hemoptysis. Which condition is most likely?
Asthma attack
Pulmonary embolism
Pneumothorax
Bronchitis
Explanation - Pulmonary embolism often presents with sudden shortness of breath, chest pain, and coughing up blood due to blockage of pulmonary arteries.
Correct answer is: Pulmonary embolism
Q.4 Which diagnostic test confirms tuberculosis infection?
Chest X-ray
Sputum culture
Mantoux test
Pulmonary function test
Explanation - Sputum culture identifies Mycobacterium tuberculosis directly, confirming active infection.
Correct answer is: Sputum culture
Q.5 Which medication class is first-line treatment for acute asthma attacks?
Long-acting beta-agonists
Inhaled corticosteroids
Short-acting beta-agonists
Leukotriene inhibitors
Explanation - Short-acting beta-agonists provide rapid bronchodilation, relieving acute asthma symptoms.
Correct answer is: Short-acting beta-agonists
Q.6 Which condition is characterized by the destruction of alveolar walls leading to enlarged air spaces?
Emphysema
Bronchitis
Pneumothorax
Asthma
Explanation - Emphysema, a type of COPD, results in destruction of alveoli, reducing gas exchange and causing air trapping.
Correct answer is: Emphysema
Q.7 A patient with chronic bronchitis is likely to present with:
Persistent productive cough for at least 3 months
Sudden shortness of breath
Hemoptysis
Night sweats
Explanation - Chronic bronchitis is diagnosed clinically with a productive cough lasting at least three months in two consecutive years.
Correct answer is: Persistent productive cough for at least 3 months
Q.8 Which complication is most associated with untreated obstructive sleep apnea?
Pulmonary embolism
Hypertension and heart disease
Pneumonia
Asthma exacerbation
Explanation - Obstructive sleep apnea can lead to cardiovascular complications due to repeated hypoxia and increased sympathetic activity.
Correct answer is: Hypertension and heart disease
Q.9 Which of the following is a hallmark sign of a pneumothorax?
Tracheal deviation and absent breath sounds on affected side
Productive cough
Wheezing on expiration
Night sweats
Explanation - A tension pneumothorax causes air accumulation, shifting the mediastinum and leading to absent breath sounds and tracheal deviation.
Correct answer is: Tracheal deviation and absent breath sounds on affected side
Q.10 Which pathogen most commonly causes community-acquired pneumonia?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Influenza virus
Staphylococcus aureus
Explanation - Streptococcus pneumoniae is the leading cause of bacterial community-acquired pneumonia worldwide.
Correct answer is: Streptococcus pneumoniae
Q.11 Which intervention is most appropriate for a patient with severe hypoxemia?
Oxygen therapy
Antibiotics
Bronchodilator only
Chest physiotherapy
Explanation - Severe hypoxemia requires supplemental oxygen to maintain adequate tissue oxygenation and prevent organ damage.
Correct answer is: Oxygen therapy
Q.12 Which of the following conditions is an autoimmune disorder affecting the lungs?
Sarcoidosis
Asthma
COPD
Bronchiectasis
Explanation - Sarcoidosis involves granulomatous inflammation of the lungs and other organs due to abnormal immune responses.
Correct answer is: Sarcoidosis
Q.13 Which clinical feature differentiates bacterial from viral pneumonia?
High fever and productive cough
Low-grade fever and dry cough
Night sweats
Hemoptysis
Explanation - Bacterial pneumonia often presents with acute high fever and purulent sputum, while viral pneumonia tends to be milder with dry cough.
Correct answer is: High fever and productive cough
Q.14 Which test measures airflow obstruction in asthma or COPD?
Chest X-ray
Spirometry
CT scan
Electrocardiogram
Explanation - Spirometry evaluates lung function, measuring volumes and airflow rates to detect obstructive patterns.
Correct answer is: Spirometry
Q.15 Which of the following is a common trigger for asthma exacerbations?
Allergens, exercise, cold air
High salt intake
Dehydration
Vitamin deficiency
Explanation - Asthma attacks are often triggered by environmental allergens, physical activity, or exposure to cold air.
Correct answer is: Allergens, exercise, cold air
Q.16 Which complication can arise from long-term mechanical ventilation?
Ventilator-associated pneumonia
Pulmonary embolism
Asthma
Bronchitis
Explanation - Patients on long-term ventilation are at risk of infections due to colonization of the airway by pathogenic bacteria.
Correct answer is: Ventilator-associated pneumonia
Q.17 Which medication is used as maintenance therapy in chronic asthma?
Inhaled corticosteroids
Short-acting beta-agonists
Antihistamines
Expectorants
Explanation - Inhaled corticosteroids reduce airway inflammation and are used daily to control chronic asthma symptoms.
Correct answer is: Inhaled corticosteroids
Q.18 Which sign indicates early hypoxia in a patient with respiratory distress?
Restlessness and tachycardia
Cyanosis
Bradycardia
Low blood pressure
Explanation - Early hypoxia often presents with subtle signs such as restlessness, anxiety, and rapid heart rate before cyanosis appears.
Correct answer is: Restlessness and tachycardia
Q.19 Which condition is characterized by permanent dilation of bronchi due to recurrent infection?
Bronchiectasis
Emphysema
Pulmonary edema
Asthma
Explanation - Bronchiectasis occurs due to chronic infections and inflammation, leading to irreversible widening of the airways.
Correct answer is: Bronchiectasis
Q.20 Which environmental factor most contributes to occupational lung disease?
Dust, asbestos, chemical fumes
High altitude
Low humidity
Cold air exposure
Explanation - Occupational lung diseases like pneumoconiosis are caused by long-term inhalation of harmful particles and chemicals.
Correct answer is: Dust, asbestos, chemical fumes
Q.21 Which of the following is the most important nursing intervention for a patient with epistaxis (nosebleed)?
Apply direct pressure to the nostrils
Tilt head backward
Administer antibiotics
Perform nasal packing immediately
Explanation - Applying firm pressure helps stop bleeding by compressing the bleeding vessels. Tilting head backward may cause aspiration.
Correct answer is: Apply direct pressure to the nostrils
Q.22 Which is a typical feature of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)?
Severe hypoxemia and bilateral infiltrates on chest X-ray
Cough with sputum
Mild fever
Wheezing only on expiration
Explanation - ARDS is characterized by sudden, severe hypoxemia and diffuse alveolar damage visible as bilateral infiltrates.
Correct answer is: Severe hypoxemia and bilateral infiltrates on chest X-ray
Q.23 Which vaccine helps prevent bacterial pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae?
Pneumococcal vaccine
Influenza vaccine
BCG vaccine
MMR vaccine
Explanation - The pneumococcal vaccine protects against infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, including pneumonia and meningitis.
Correct answer is: Pneumococcal vaccine
Q.24 Which diagnostic test is most useful in detecting pulmonary embolism?
CT pulmonary angiography
Spirometry
Chest X-ray
Sputum culture
Explanation - CT pulmonary angiography provides detailed images of pulmonary arteries and is the gold standard for PE diagnosis.
Correct answer is: CT pulmonary angiography
Q.25 Which lifestyle modification can reduce the risk of COPD progression?
Smoking cessation
High-salt diet
Low fluid intake
Avoiding exercise
Explanation - Quitting smoking slows lung function decline and reduces COPD complications.
Correct answer is: Smoking cessation