Q.1 Which of the following is a primary immunodeficiency disorder?
HIV/AIDS
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Explanation - SCID is a congenital condition where both T and B lymphocyte functions are severely impaired, leading to increased susceptibility to infections.
Correct answer is: Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)
Q.2 Which immune cells are primarily affected in HIV infection?
B cells
CD4+ T cells
Macrophages
Neutrophils
Explanation - HIV specifically targets CD4+ T helper cells, weakening the immune system and leading to AIDS.
Correct answer is: CD4+ T cells
Q.3 Which of the following is considered an autoimmune disease?
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Common Cold
Hepatitis B
Scurvy
Explanation - Type 1 Diabetes occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks pancreatic beta cells, leading to insulin deficiency.
Correct answer is: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Q.4 A patient presents with recurrent infections and failure to thrive. Which disorder should be suspected?
SCID
HIV
Multiple Sclerosis
Asthma
Explanation - Recurrent infections and poor growth are hallmark signs of Severe Combined Immunodeficiency, a primary immunodeficiency disorder.
Correct answer is: SCID
Q.5 Which laboratory test is used to confirm HIV infection?
ELISA followed by Western Blot
CBC
Liver Function Test
Urinalysis
Explanation - ELISA is used for initial HIV screening; positive results are confirmed with a Western Blot test.
Correct answer is: ELISA followed by Western Blot
Q.6 Which of the following medications is commonly used as antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV?
Zidovudine
Prednisone
Methotrexate
Penicillin
Explanation - Zidovudine is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in ART to suppress HIV replication.
Correct answer is: Zidovudine
Q.7 Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is associated with allergic asthma?
Type I
Type II
Type III
Type IV
Explanation - Type I hypersensitivity is IgE-mediated and is responsible for allergic conditions such as asthma, hay fever, and anaphylaxis.
Correct answer is: Type I
Q.8 Rheumatoid arthritis primarily involves which type of immune response?
Autoimmune
Allergic
Immunodeficiency
Infectious
Explanation - Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks joint tissues, causing inflammation and deformity.
Correct answer is: Autoimmune
Q.9 Which of the following is a common sign of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
Butterfly rash
Goiter
Petechiae
Cyanosis
Explanation - A malar or 'butterfly' rash over the cheeks and nose is a characteristic clinical sign of SLE, an autoimmune disorder.
Correct answer is: Butterfly rash
Q.10 Which vitamin deficiency can impair immune function and increase infection risk?
Vitamin C
Vitamin B12
Vitamin K
Vitamin D
Explanation - Vitamin C is essential for immune system function, and deficiency can reduce resistance to infections.
Correct answer is: Vitamin C
Q.11 Which immune system component is primarily responsible for antibody production?
T lymphocytes
B lymphocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Explanation - B cells differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies, which are crucial for humoral immunity.
Correct answer is: B lymphocytes
Q.12 Which condition is a secondary immunodeficiency caused by a virus?
HIV/AIDS
SCID
DiGeorge Syndrome
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome
Explanation - Secondary immunodeficiency develops due to external factors such as infections; HIV leads to AIDS by depleting CD4+ T cells.
Correct answer is: HIV/AIDS
Q.13 Which organ is primarily affected by autoimmune hepatitis?
Liver
Kidney
Heart
Lungs
Explanation - Autoimmune hepatitis occurs when the immune system attacks liver cells, causing inflammation and potential liver damage.
Correct answer is: Liver
Q.14 Which of the following is considered an immunosuppressive therapy?
Corticosteroids
Antibiotics
Antivirals
Vaccines
Explanation - Corticosteroids reduce immune system activity and are used to treat autoimmune disorders and prevent transplant rejection.
Correct answer is: Corticosteroids
Q.15 Which autoimmune disorder affects the thyroid gland?
Graves' Disease
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Multiple Sclerosis
Type 1 Diabetes
Explanation - Graves' Disease is an autoimmune condition in which antibodies stimulate thyroid hormone production, causing hyperthyroidism.
Correct answer is: Graves' Disease
Q.16 Which of the following is a hallmark of allergic reactions?
Histamine release
Lymphocyte depletion
Reduced antibody production
Complement deficiency
Explanation - In allergies, mast cells release histamine, causing symptoms like itching, swelling, and bronchoconstriction.
Correct answer is: Histamine release
Q.17 Which condition is caused by an overactive immune response against self-antigens?
Autoimmune disease
Primary immunodeficiency
Secondary immunodeficiency
Allergic reaction
Explanation - Autoimmune diseases result from the immune system attacking the body's own tissues, leading to chronic inflammation and organ damage.
Correct answer is: Autoimmune disease
Q.18 Which is the first-line diagnostic test for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
ANA (Antinuclear Antibody) test
CBC
X-ray
Urinalysis
Explanation - ANA testing detects antibodies against nuclear antigens, commonly present in SLE patients.
Correct answer is: ANA (Antinuclear Antibody) test
Q.19 Which autoimmune disorder primarily affects joints?
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Myasthenia Gravis
Hashimoto's Thyroiditis
SLE
Explanation - Rheumatoid Arthritis causes chronic inflammation of synovial joints due to autoimmune mechanisms.
Correct answer is: Rheumatoid Arthritis
Q.20 Which of the following is a common treatment strategy for immunodeficiency disorders?
Immunoglobulin therapy
Antibiotics only
Antivirals only
Surgery
Explanation - Immunoglobulin therapy provides passive immunity by supplying antibodies to patients with immunodeficiency.
Correct answer is: Immunoglobulin therapy
Q.21 Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by immune complexes?
Type III
Type I
Type II
Type IV
Explanation - Type III hypersensitivity occurs when antigen-antibody complexes deposit in tissues, causing inflammation and tissue damage.
Correct answer is: Type III
Q.22 Which autoimmune disorder affects neuromuscular transmission?
Myasthenia Gravis
SLE
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Graves' Disease
Explanation - Myasthenia Gravis involves autoantibodies against acetylcholine receptors, causing muscle weakness.
Correct answer is: Myasthenia Gravis
Q.23 Which of the following is considered a secondary immunodeficiency?
Malnutrition
SCID
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome
DiGeorge Syndrome
Explanation - Secondary immunodeficiency arises from external factors like malnutrition, infections, or medications, unlike primary genetic causes.
Correct answer is: Malnutrition
Q.24 Which organ produces T lymphocytes essential for adaptive immunity?
Thymus
Bone marrow
Spleen
Liver
Explanation - The thymus is responsible for T cell maturation, which are central to adaptive immune responses.
Correct answer is: Thymus
Q.25 Which cytokine is primarily involved in activating macrophages in immune response?
Interferon-gamma
IL-4
IL-10
TNF-beta
Explanation - Interferon-gamma is secreted by Th1 cells and activates macrophages to enhance microbial killing.
Correct answer is: Interferon-gamma