Q.1 Which of the following is a primary cause of iron-deficiency anemia?
Excessive vitamin B12 intake
Chronic blood loss
Overproduction of red blood cells
Autoimmune destruction of platelets
Explanation - Iron-deficiency anemia is most commonly caused by chronic blood loss, which depletes iron stores needed for hemoglobin synthesis.
Correct answer is: Chronic blood loss
Q.2 A patient with sickle cell disease is most at risk for which complication?
Hyperthyroidism
Vaso-occlusive crisis
Osteoarthritis
Renal calculi
Explanation - Sickle-shaped red blood cells can block blood flow, causing ischemia and pain known as a vaso-occlusive crisis.
Correct answer is: Vaso-occlusive crisis
Q.3 Which laboratory finding is characteristic of pernicious anemia?
Low serum ferritin
Elevated mean corpuscular volume (MCV)
Low reticulocyte count with normal MCV
High platelet count
Explanation - Pernicious anemia leads to vitamin B12 deficiency, causing megaloblastic anemia with enlarged red blood cells and elevated MCV.
Correct answer is: Elevated mean corpuscular volume (MCV)
Q.4 Which symptom is most indicative of hemophilia?
Frequent infections
Prolonged bleeding after minor injury
Pallor and fatigue
Shortness of breath
Explanation - Hemophilia is a hereditary clotting disorder, resulting in prolonged bleeding due to deficiency of clotting factors.
Correct answer is: Prolonged bleeding after minor injury
Q.5 Which blood component is primarily decreased in thrombocytopenia?
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
Plasma proteins
Explanation - Thrombocytopenia refers to a lower-than-normal platelet count, leading to increased bleeding and bruising.
Correct answer is: Platelets
Q.6 Which intervention is essential for a patient with neutropenia?
Encourage high-fiber diet
Implement infection precautions
Monitor blood glucose
Administer anticoagulants
Explanation - Neutropenia reduces the body's ability to fight infection, so strict infection control measures are critical.
Correct answer is: Implement infection precautions
Q.7 Which vitamin deficiency is associated with prolonged bleeding times due to impaired clotting factor synthesis?
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin K
Vitamin C
Explanation - Vitamin K is essential for the synthesis of clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X; deficiency prolongs bleeding time.
Correct answer is: Vitamin K
Q.8 Which test is most specific for diagnosing hemolytic anemia?
Reticulocyte count
Direct Coombs test
Serum ferritin
PT/INR
Explanation - The Direct Coombs test detects antibodies attached to red blood cells, confirming immune-mediated hemolysis.
Correct answer is: Direct Coombs test
Q.9 What is the hallmark sign of polycythemia vera?
Pallor and fatigue
Increased red blood cell mass
Excessive bruising
Low platelet count
Explanation - Polycythemia vera is a myeloproliferative disorder characterized by uncontrolled RBC production, increasing blood viscosity.
Correct answer is: Increased red blood cell mass
Q.10 Which hematologic disorder is associated with pancytopenia?
Aplastic anemia
Iron-deficiency anemia
Hemophilia A
Sickle cell anemia
Explanation - Aplastic anemia involves bone marrow failure leading to decreased production of all blood cell types (RBCs, WBCs, platelets).
Correct answer is: Aplastic anemia
Q.11 Which sign is commonly observed in vitamin B12 deficiency?
Jaundice
Paresthesia and numbness
Petechiae
Easy bruising
Explanation - Vitamin B12 deficiency affects the nervous system, causing numbness, tingling, and other neurological symptoms.
Correct answer is: Paresthesia and numbness
Q.12 Which factor is decreased in hemophilia B?
Factor VIII
Factor IX
Fibrinogen
Prothrombin
Explanation - Hemophilia B, also called Christmas disease, is caused by a deficiency of clotting factor IX.
Correct answer is: Factor IX
Q.13 A patient presents with splenomegaly and anemia. Which condition is most likely?
Iron-deficiency anemia
Hemolytic anemia
Aplastic anemia
Pernicious anemia
Explanation - Hemolytic anemia causes destruction of red blood cells, often leading to spleen enlargement due to increased filtering activity.
Correct answer is: Hemolytic anemia
Q.14 Which symptom is most common in patients with acute leukemia?
Persistent infections
Hyperpigmentation
Joint swelling
Excessive thirst
Explanation - Acute leukemia reduces normal white blood cells, making patients prone to recurrent or persistent infections.
Correct answer is: Persistent infections
Q.15 Which laboratory finding is indicative of iron-deficiency anemia?
Low hemoglobin and hematocrit
High MCV
High reticulocyte count
Elevated vitamin B12
Explanation - Iron-deficiency anemia typically shows low hemoglobin and hematocrit due to insufficient iron for hemoglobin synthesis.
Correct answer is: Low hemoglobin and hematocrit
Q.16 Which test is most useful for evaluating platelet function?
Prothrombin time (PT)
Bleeding time
Serum iron
MCV
Explanation - Bleeding time measures platelet function and the ability of small blood vessels to form a platelet plug.
Correct answer is: Bleeding time
Q.17 Which intervention is important for a patient with hemophilia during hospitalization?
Avoid intramuscular injections
Encourage ambulation without support
Administer aspirin regularly
Limit fluid intake
Explanation - Intramuscular injections can cause severe bleeding in hemophilia patients; alternative routes like subcutaneous are preferred.
Correct answer is: Avoid intramuscular injections
Q.18 Which type of anemia is most commonly caused by chronic disease?
Iron-deficiency anemia
Aplastic anemia
Anemia of chronic inflammation
Megaloblastic anemia
Explanation - Chronic illnesses like infections, autoimmune diseases, or cancer can cause mild to moderate anemia by affecting iron metabolism and erythropoiesis.
Correct answer is: Anemia of chronic inflammation
Q.19 Which finding is typical in patients with Hodgkin lymphoma?
Reed-Sternberg cells
Decreased MCV
Low WBC count only
Thrombocytopenia
Explanation - Hodgkin lymphoma is characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells on lymph node biopsy.
Correct answer is: Reed-Sternberg cells
Q.20 Which clinical manifestation is characteristic of leukemia?
Fatigue, fever, and easy bruising
Joint pain and stiffness
Muscle cramps
Night sweats without fever
Explanation - Leukemia affects the production of normal blood cells, leading to anemia, infection, and bleeding tendencies.
Correct answer is: Fatigue, fever, and easy bruising
Q.21 Which nutritional deficiency contributes to microcytic anemia?
Vitamin B12
Iron
Folate
Vitamin K
Explanation - Iron deficiency leads to the production of smaller-than-normal red blood cells, known as microcytic anemia.
Correct answer is: Iron
Q.22 Which condition is associated with increased risk of deep vein thrombosis?
Hemophilia
Polycythemia vera
Aplastic anemia
Pernicious anemia
Explanation - Polycythemia vera increases blood viscosity, predisposing patients to clot formation and thrombotic events.
Correct answer is: Polycythemia vera
Q.23 Which symptom is most indicative of aplastic anemia?
Bleeding gums and recurrent infections
Joint pain
Jaundice
Headache
Explanation - Aplastic anemia reduces all blood cell lines, leading to symptoms of anemia, infection susceptibility, and bleeding.
Correct answer is: Bleeding gums and recurrent infections
Q.24 Which finding is common in patients with sickle cell anemia during a crisis?
Severe pain in joints and extremities
Bradycardia
Polycythemia
Elevated platelet count
Explanation - Vaso-occlusion from sickled cells causes ischemic pain, typically in joints, bones, and extremities.
Correct answer is: Severe pain in joints and extremities
Q.25 Which laboratory test is essential for diagnosing iron-deficiency anemia?
Serum ferritin
PT/INR
Vitamin B12 level
Coombs test
Explanation - Serum ferritin reflects body iron stores, and low levels are diagnostic for iron-deficiency anemia.
Correct answer is: Serum ferritin