Q.1 Which hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary and stimulates thyroid hormone production?
TSH
ACTH
GH
LH
Explanation - TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone) is secreted by the anterior pituitary to stimulate the thyroid gland to produce T3 and T4.
Correct answer is: TSH
Q.2 A patient with hyperglycemia, polyuria, and polydipsia most likely has which condition?
Diabetes Mellitus
Hypothyroidism
Cushing's Syndrome
Addison's Disease
Explanation - The classic triad of hyperglycemia, polyuria, and polydipsia is indicative of Diabetes Mellitus.
Correct answer is: Diabetes Mellitus
Q.3 Which electrolyte imbalance is commonly associated with Addison's disease?
Hypernatremia
Hyponatremia
Hypercalcemia
Hypokalemia
Explanation - Addison's disease leads to adrenal insufficiency, causing decreased aldosterone and hyponatremia along with hyperkalemia.
Correct answer is: Hyponatremia
Q.4 Which diagnostic test is commonly used to confirm hyperthyroidism?
TSH suppression test
Dexamethasone suppression test
Fasting glucose
ACTH stimulation test
Explanation - A suppressed TSH level with elevated T3/T4 confirms hyperthyroidism.
Correct answer is: TSH suppression test
Q.5 What is the primary treatment for hypothyroidism?
Levothyroxine
Methimazole
Hydrocortisone
Insulin
Explanation - Levothyroxine is a synthetic thyroid hormone used to replace deficient T4 in hypothyroidism.
Correct answer is: Levothyroxine
Q.6 Which endocrine disorder is characterized by excessive cortisol production?
Cushing's Syndrome
Addison's Disease
Hyperthyroidism
Diabetes Insipidus
Explanation - Cushing's Syndrome results from chronic high cortisol levels, either due to pituitary, adrenal, or iatrogenic causes.
Correct answer is: Cushing's Syndrome
Q.7 A patient with exophthalmos, heat intolerance, and weight loss most likely has:
Hyperthyroidism
Hypothyroidism
Diabetes Mellitus
Addison's Disease
Explanation - Exophthalmos, heat intolerance, and unexplained weight loss are classic signs of hyperthyroidism, particularly Graves' disease.
Correct answer is: Hyperthyroidism
Q.8 Which hormone is responsible for lowering blood glucose levels?
Insulin
Glucagon
Cortisol
Epinephrine
Explanation - Insulin is secreted by pancreatic beta cells and lowers blood glucose by promoting cellular uptake and glycogen synthesis.
Correct answer is: Insulin
Q.9 Which of the following is a common complication of untreated diabetes mellitus?
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Hyperthyroidism
Cushing's Syndrome
Hypopituitarism
Explanation - Diabetic ketoacidosis is a life-threatening complication of uncontrolled diabetes, characterized by hyperglycemia, ketonemia, and metabolic acidosis.
Correct answer is: Diabetic ketoacidosis
Q.10 A deficiency of parathyroid hormone (PTH) leads to:
Hypocalcemia
Hypercalcemia
Hypernatremia
Hyponatremia
Explanation - PTH regulates calcium levels; deficiency results in low calcium levels (hypocalcemia).
Correct answer is: Hypocalcemia
Q.11 Which clinical sign is commonly seen in hypoparathyroidism?
Trousseau's sign
Moon face
Exophthalmos
Buffalo hump
Explanation - Trousseau's sign (carpal spasm with BP cuff inflation) indicates neuromuscular irritability due to hypocalcemia in hypoparathyroidism.
Correct answer is: Trousseau's sign
Q.12 Which hormone deficiency causes Diabetes Insipidus?
ADH
Insulin
Cortisol
TSH
Explanation - ADH (antidiuretic hormone) deficiency leads to Diabetes Insipidus, characterized by polyuria and polydipsia.
Correct answer is: ADH
Q.13 Which of the following is a hallmark of acromegaly?
Enlarged hands and feet
Excessive urination
Weight loss
Hair loss
Explanation - Acromegaly is caused by excess growth hormone in adults, leading to characteristic enlargement of hands, feet, and facial features.
Correct answer is: Enlarged hands and feet
Q.14 Which hormone antagonizes the effects of insulin?
Glucagon
TSH
ADH
Prolactin
Explanation - Glucagon increases blood glucose by stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, counteracting insulin.
Correct answer is: Glucagon
Q.15 Which is a common cause of secondary hypothyroidism?
Pituitary failure
Iodine excess
Graves' disease
Cushing's syndrome
Explanation - Secondary hypothyroidism occurs due to insufficient TSH from pituitary failure, unlike primary hypothyroidism which is due to thyroid gland dysfunction.
Correct answer is: Pituitary failure
Q.16 Which endocrine disorder presents with truncal obesity, moon face, and buffalo hump?
Cushing's Syndrome
Addison's Disease
Hyperthyroidism
Diabetes Mellitus
Explanation - These characteristic features are due to chronic exposure to high cortisol levels in Cushing's Syndrome.
Correct answer is: Cushing's Syndrome
Q.17 Which lab finding is most indicative of hyperparathyroidism?
Hypercalcemia
Hypocalcemia
Hyponatremia
Hyperkalemia
Explanation - Primary hyperparathyroidism leads to excessive PTH secretion, resulting in elevated blood calcium levels.
Correct answer is: Hypercalcemia
Q.18 Which gland secretes melatonin?
Pineal gland
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Adrenal gland
Explanation - Melatonin, regulating circadian rhythms, is secreted by the pineal gland in the brain.
Correct answer is: Pineal gland
Q.19 A patient with sudden onset of severe hypoglycemia after insulin injection most likely has:
Insulin overdose
Hyperthyroidism
Cushing's Syndrome
Addison's Disease
Explanation - Excess insulin can rapidly lower blood glucose, causing hypoglycemia with symptoms like confusion, sweating, and tachycardia.
Correct answer is: Insulin overdose
Q.20 Which condition is characterized by thyroid gland inflammation and transient hyperthyroidism?
Subacute thyroiditis
Hashimoto's thyroiditis
Graves' disease
Goiter
Explanation - Subacute thyroiditis involves painful inflammation of the thyroid, often after a viral infection, leading to temporary hyperthyroidism.
Correct answer is: Subacute thyroiditis
Q.21 Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal medulla?
Epinephrine
Cortisol
Aldosterone
Insulin
Explanation - The adrenal medulla secretes catecholamines, mainly epinephrine and norepinephrine, in response to stress.
Correct answer is: Epinephrine
Q.22 Which symptom is most specific for hyperthyroidism?
Exophthalmos
Bradycardia
Weight gain
Cold intolerance
Explanation - Exophthalmos (protruding eyes) is specifically associated with Graves' disease, a common cause of hyperthyroidism.
Correct answer is: Exophthalmos
Q.23 Which hormone promotes sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys?
Aldosterone
ADH
Insulin
Glucagon
Explanation - Aldosterone, secreted by the adrenal cortex, increases sodium and water reabsorption and potassium excretion in the kidneys.
Correct answer is: Aldosterone
Q.24 Which disorder is caused by autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells?
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Cushing's Syndrome
Addison's Disease
Explanation - Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus results from autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells, leading to absolute insulin deficiency.
Correct answer is: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Q.25 Which symptom is most characteristic of hypoglycemia?
Sweating and confusion
Polyuria and polydipsia
Weight loss
Exophthalmos
Explanation - Hypoglycemia leads to adrenergic symptoms like sweating, tremors, and confusion due to low blood glucose levels.
Correct answer is: Sweating and confusion