Q.1 Which organ is primarily responsible for filtering waste from the blood?
Liver
Kidneys
Spleen
Pancreas
Explanation - The kidneys filter blood to remove waste products and excess fluids, forming urine.
Correct answer is: Kidneys
Q.2 What is the normal color of urine in a healthy adult?
Dark brown
Amber yellow
Red
Green
Explanation - Normal urine is typically light to deep amber yellow due to urochrome, a pigment from hemoglobin breakdown.
Correct answer is: Amber yellow
Q.3 Which of the following is a common sign of urinary retention?
Frequent urination
Inability to urinate
Diarrhea
Excessive sweating
Explanation - Urinary retention is the inability to empty the bladder completely, often causing discomfort or distension.
Correct answer is: Inability to urinate
Q.4 What type of catheter is most commonly used for short-term urinary drainage?
Foley catheter
Suprapubic catheter
Nephrostomy tube
Indwelling chest tube
Explanation - A Foley catheter is an indwelling catheter inserted into the bladder to drain urine temporarily.
Correct answer is: Foley catheter
Q.5 Which electrolyte imbalance is often associated with impaired kidney function?
Hyperkalemia
Hypocalcemia
Hypernatremia
Hypomagnesemia
Explanation - Kidney impairment can reduce potassium excretion, leading to elevated blood potassium levels (hyperkalemia).
Correct answer is: Hyperkalemia
Q.6 What nursing intervention is important to prevent constipation in bedridden patients?
Encourage fluid intake
Limit mobility
Provide low-fiber diet
Restrict fluids
Explanation - Adequate hydration and mobility help prevent constipation by promoting bowel motility.
Correct answer is: Encourage fluid intake
Q.7 Which of the following is a common symptom of urinary tract infection (UTI)?
Polyuria
Dysuria
Hemoptysis
Dyspnea
Explanation - Dysuria, or painful urination, is a hallmark symptom of UTI.
Correct answer is: Dysuria
Q.8 What is the medical term for difficulty or painful defecation?
Diarrhea
Constipation
Dyschezia
Incontinence
Explanation - Dyschezia refers to difficulty or painful passage of stool.
Correct answer is: Dyschezia
Q.9 Which position is recommended to promote effective bowel elimination?
Supine
Trendelenburg
Sitting or squatting
Prone
Explanation - Sitting or squatting straightens the rectum and facilitates easier bowel elimination.
Correct answer is: Sitting or squatting
Q.10 What is the term for involuntary loss of urine?
Constipation
Urinary incontinence
Dysuria
Hematuria
Explanation - Urinary incontinence is the involuntary leakage of urine due to various causes.
Correct answer is: Urinary incontinence
Q.11 Which of the following foods is likely to increase urinary output?
Caffeinated beverages
Cheese
White bread
Butter
Explanation - Caffeine is a mild diuretic that increases urine production.
Correct answer is: Caffeinated beverages
Q.12 A nurse finds a patient has black, tarry stools. This condition is known as:
Melena
Hematochezia
Steatorrhea
Diarrhea
Explanation - Melena refers to black, tarry stools, often indicating upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
Correct answer is: Melena
Q.13 Which of the following is a primary function of the large intestine?
Absorption of nutrients
Absorption of water and electrolytes
Filtration of blood
Production of bile
Explanation - The large intestine absorbs water and electrolytes, forming solid stool.
Correct answer is: Absorption of water and electrolytes
Q.14 Which type of incontinence is caused by sudden, intense urge to urinate?
Stress incontinence
Urge incontinence
Overflow incontinence
Functional incontinence
Explanation - Urge incontinence occurs due to involuntary bladder contractions, causing a strong urge to void.
Correct answer is: Urge incontinence
Q.15 Which assessment finding suggests fecal impaction?
Liquid stool leakage
Hard, dry stool in rectum
Frequent soft stools
Bright red rectal bleeding
Explanation - Fecal impaction involves hardened stool that obstructs the rectum and may cause leakage of liquid stool around it.
Correct answer is: Hard, dry stool in rectum
Q.16 Which of the following is a common cause of constipation in older adults?
High-fiber diet
Physical inactivity
Excessive hydration
Frequent bowel movements
Explanation - Reduced mobility and activity in older adults often contribute to constipation.
Correct answer is: Physical inactivity
Q.17 What is the term for presence of blood in urine?
Hematuria
Dysuria
Proteinuria
Pyuria
Explanation - Hematuria is the presence of red blood cells in urine, indicating possible urinary tract issues.
Correct answer is: Hematuria
Q.18 Which nursing intervention helps prevent urinary tract infections in catheterized patients?
Maintain closed drainage system
Increase caffeine intake
Limit fluid intake
Use powdered soap
Explanation - A closed drainage system reduces the risk of bacteria entering the urinary tract and causing infection.
Correct answer is: Maintain closed drainage system
Q.19 Which of the following can cause diarrhea in patients?
Antibiotic use
Low-fiber diet
Fluid restriction
Bed rest
Explanation - Antibiotics can disrupt normal gut flora, leading to diarrhea.
Correct answer is: Antibiotic use
Q.20 What is the term for involuntary passage of stool?
Fecal incontinence
Constipation
Impaction
Tenesmus
Explanation - Fecal incontinence refers to the involuntary loss of feces due to muscle or nerve dysfunction.
Correct answer is: Fecal incontinence
Q.21 Which of the following is an early sign of renal failure?
Oliguria
Polyuria
Hemoptysis
Dyspnea
Explanation - Oliguria, or decreased urine output, is an early sign of kidney dysfunction.
Correct answer is: Oliguria
Q.22 Which of the following positions is NOT recommended for patients with urinary catheters?
Supine
Sitting upright
Prone
Semi-Fowler's
Explanation - Prone position may obstruct catheter drainage; supine, sitting, or semi-Fowler's are preferred.
Correct answer is: Prone
Q.23 Which of the following measures is important in maintaining bowel continence?
Establish regular toileting schedule
Restrict fiber intake
Limit fluid intake
Discourage mobility
Explanation - A regular toileting schedule helps maintain bowel continence and prevent constipation or incontinence.
Correct answer is: Establish regular toileting schedule
Q.24 Which of the following medications may cause constipation as a side effect?
Opioids
Laxatives
Antacids
Diuretics
Explanation - Opioids slow gastrointestinal motility, often resulting in constipation.
Correct answer is: Opioids
Q.25 Which symptom indicates the need for immediate nursing intervention in a patient with urinary catheter?
Clear urine
No urine output for 6 hours
Mild bladder discomfort
Slight sediment in urine
Explanation - Anuria (absence of urine) for several hours may indicate blockage or kidney dysfunction and requires urgent assessment.
Correct answer is: No urine output for 6 hours