Q.1 What is the primary aim of epidemiology in public health?
To treat individual patients
To study the distribution and determinants of health-related states
To develop new medications
To conduct laboratory experiments
Explanation - Epidemiology focuses on understanding how diseases occur in populations and the factors that influence their spread.
Correct answer is: To study the distribution and determinants of health-related states
Q.2 Which measure indicates the frequency of new cases of a disease in a population over a specific period?
Prevalence
Incidence
Morbidity rate
Mortality rate
Explanation - Incidence measures the number of new cases of a disease that develop in a specific population during a specific time period.
Correct answer is: Incidence
Q.3 Which of the following best describes 'prevalence'?
The total number of existing cases at a point in time
The number of new cases in a year
The number of deaths due to a disease
The rate of recovery from a disease
Explanation - Prevalence refers to the total number of cases, both new and existing, present in a population at a given time.
Correct answer is: The total number of existing cases at a point in time
Q.4 Which type of epidemiology studies populations by comparing groups with and without a disease at a single point in time?
Cohort study
Case-control study
Cross-sectional study
Experimental study
Explanation - Cross-sectional studies observe a population at a single point in time, comparing disease presence or characteristics.
Correct answer is: Cross-sectional study
Q.5 Which of the following is considered a communicable disease?
Diabetes mellitus
Tuberculosis
Hypertension
Osteoarthritis
Explanation - Communicable diseases are caused by infectious agents and can be transmitted from person to person.
Correct answer is: Tuberculosis
Q.6 What is herd immunity?
Immunity developed after individual infection
Immunity in a population when a large proportion is vaccinated or immune
Temporary immunity due to medications
Immunity only in children
Explanation - Herd immunity occurs when a sufficient proportion of the population is immune, reducing the spread of infectious diseases.
Correct answer is: Immunity in a population when a large proportion is vaccinated or immune
Q.7 Which measure is used to quantify the severity of a disease in a population?
Mortality rate
Incidence rate
Case fatality rate
Prevalence
Explanation - Case fatality rate measures the proportion of people diagnosed with a disease who die from it, indicating severity.
Correct answer is: Case fatality rate
Q.8 Which epidemiological study follows a group of individuals over time to observe the development of a disease?
Cross-sectional study
Case-control study
Cohort study
Ecological study
Explanation - Cohort studies observe participants over time to assess disease development based on exposures or risk factors.
Correct answer is: Cohort study
Q.9 Which type of prevention aims to reduce the impact of a disease once it has occurred?
Primary prevention
Secondary prevention
Tertiary prevention
Quaternary prevention
Explanation - Tertiary prevention focuses on managing disease, preventing complications, and improving quality of life after diagnosis.
Correct answer is: Tertiary prevention
Q.10 What is the main objective of surveillance in disease control?
To provide treatment to patients
To monitor disease trends and detect outbreaks
To conduct laboratory experiments
To educate healthcare staff
Explanation - Surveillance systematically collects and analyzes data to detect, prevent, and control disease spread.
Correct answer is: To monitor disease trends and detect outbreaks
Q.11 Which of the following is an example of a vector-borne disease?
Malaria
HIV/AIDS
Tuberculosis
Hepatitis B
Explanation - Vector-borne diseases are transmitted through vectors such as mosquitoes, as in malaria.
Correct answer is: Malaria
Q.12 Which rate indicates the number of deaths in a population over a specific period?
Morbidity rate
Incidence rate
Mortality rate
Case fatality rate
Explanation - Mortality rate measures the frequency of deaths in a defined population over a period of time.
Correct answer is: Mortality rate
Q.13 What is an outbreak?
A sudden increase in disease incidence in a specific area
The total number of disease cases in a population
A slow increase in disease over decades
A single case of a disease
Explanation - An outbreak refers to a rapid rise in disease cases within a defined population or area.
Correct answer is: A sudden increase in disease incidence in a specific area
Q.14 Which of the following is a non-communicable disease?
Influenza
Coronary artery disease
Hepatitis C
Measles
Explanation - Non-communicable diseases are not caused by infectious agents and cannot spread from person to person.
Correct answer is: Coronary artery disease
Q.15 Which term describes the proportion of individuals exposed to a risk factor who develop the disease?
Relative risk
Attack rate
Prevalence
Mortality rate
Explanation - Attack rate measures the proportion of people exposed to a risk factor who become ill during an outbreak.
Correct answer is: Attack rate
Q.16 Which of the following is a primary prevention strategy?
Vaccination
Rehabilitation
Screening for early disease
Surgical intervention
Explanation - Primary prevention aims to prevent disease occurrence, and vaccination protects individuals from infection.
Correct answer is: Vaccination
Q.17 Which study compares individuals with a disease to those without to identify risk factors?
Case-control study
Cohort study
Cross-sectional study
Randomized control trial
Explanation - Case-control studies identify risk factors by comparing exposures between diseased (cases) and healthy (controls) individuals.
Correct answer is: Case-control study
Q.18 Which of the following is a social determinant of health?
Blood pressure
Income level
Bacterial infection
Genetic mutation
Explanation - Social determinants are conditions in which people live, affecting their health outcomes, like income, education, and living environment.
Correct answer is: Income level
Q.19 Which type of immunity is passed from mother to child through breast milk?
Active immunity
Passive immunity
Herd immunity
Vaccine-induced immunity
Explanation - Passive immunity occurs when antibodies are transferred from another source, such as mother to child via breast milk.
Correct answer is: Passive immunity
Q.20 Which factor is considered an 'agent' in the epidemiologic triad?
Virus causing disease
Host genetics
Environmental sanitation
Socioeconomic status
Explanation - In the epidemiologic triad, the agent is the pathogen or factor causing the disease.
Correct answer is: Virus causing disease
Q.21 Which is a key step in controlling a communicable disease outbreak?
Identify and isolate cases
Prescribe antibiotics to all
Increase hospital bed capacity
Perform autopsies only
Explanation - Timely identification and isolation of cases helps stop the spread of infectious diseases in the community.
Correct answer is: Identify and isolate cases
Q.22 Which rate reflects the risk of dying from a disease among diagnosed cases?
Incidence rate
Case fatality rate
Prevalence rate
Morbidity rate
Explanation - Case fatality rate indicates disease severity by measuring the proportion of diagnosed cases that result in death.
Correct answer is: Case fatality rate
Q.23 Which type of study is experimental, involving random allocation of participants to intervention or control groups?
Randomized controlled trial
Cohort study
Case-control study
Ecological study
Explanation - RCTs randomly assign participants to groups to assess the effect of interventions under controlled conditions.
Correct answer is: Randomized controlled trial
Q.24 Which of the following is a risk factor for non-communicable diseases?
Unhealthy diet
Exposure to bacteria
Vaccination
Mosquito bites
Explanation - Non-communicable diseases often result from lifestyle factors such as diet, physical inactivity, smoking, and alcohol use.
Correct answer is: Unhealthy diet
Q.25 Which term refers to diseases consistently present at a baseline level in a population?
Epidemic
Endemic
Pandemic
Outbreak
Explanation - Endemic diseases are constantly present in a population at a relatively steady rate.
Correct answer is: Endemic