Q.1 Which treaty governs the activities of countries in outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies?
Outer Space Treaty (1967)
Geneva Conventions
Antarctic Treaty
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
Explanation - The Outer Space Treaty of 1967 establishes that space exploration shall be conducted for the benefit of all countries and prohibits national appropriation of outer space and celestial bodies.
Correct answer is: Outer Space Treaty (1967)
Q.2 Which principle is central to the Outer Space Treaty regarding ownership of celestial bodies?
Exclusive sovereignty
Freedom of exploration
National appropriation prohibited
Private ownership permitted
Explanation - The treaty prohibits any country from claiming sovereignty over the Moon or other celestial bodies.
Correct answer is: National appropriation prohibited
Q.3 Which international agreement specifically governs the rescue of astronauts and return of space objects?
Rescue Agreement (1968)
Outer Space Treaty (1967)
Moon Treaty (1979)
Vienna Convention
Explanation - The Rescue Agreement complements the Outer Space Treaty and obliges countries to assist astronauts in distress and return space objects.
Correct answer is: Rescue Agreement (1968)
Q.4 What is the main purpose of the Moon Agreement (1979)?
Regulate military use of the Moon
Establish the Moon and its resources as the common heritage of mankind
Allow private companies to claim lunar land
Define national jurisdiction over lunar bases
Explanation - The Moon Agreement emphasizes that lunar resources should be used for the benefit of all humanity and sets principles for their exploitation.
Correct answer is: Establish the Moon and its resources as the common heritage of mankind
Q.5 Which international body regulates the use of radio frequencies for satellites?
International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA)
International Maritime Organization (IMO)
World Trade Organization (WTO)
Explanation - The ITU coordinates the global use of radio spectrum and satellite orbits to prevent interference between countries’ space systems.
Correct answer is: International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
Q.6 What is the primary legal instrument for governing oceans and seas?
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
Outer Space Treaty
Montreal Protocol
Kyoto Protocol
Explanation - UNCLOS regulates territorial waters, exclusive economic zones, navigation rights, and marine resource management.
Correct answer is: United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
Q.7 Under UNCLOS, how far does a country's Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) extend from its baseline?
12 nautical miles
200 nautical miles
50 nautical miles
350 nautical miles
Explanation - The EEZ gives a coastal state special rights to exploit marine resources up to 200 nautical miles from its coastline.
Correct answer is: 200 nautical miles
Q.8 Which principle allows ships of all nations to navigate freely on the high seas?
Freedom of navigation
Exclusive jurisdiction
Sovereignty at sea
Territorial waters
Explanation - High seas are not owned by any state, and all nations have the right to navigate them freely under international law.
Correct answer is: Freedom of navigation
Q.9 Which body oversees safety and environmental regulations for international shipping?
International Maritime Organization (IMO)
United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA)
International Court of Justice
World Health Organization
Explanation - The IMO develops regulations to ensure safety, security, and environmental protection in maritime transport.
Correct answer is: International Maritime Organization (IMO)
Q.10 What legal concept prohibits nations from placing weapons of mass destruction in orbit?
Outer Space Treaty
Geneva Conventions
UNCLOS
Vienna Convention
Explanation - The treaty explicitly bans placing nuclear or other weapons of mass destruction in orbit or on celestial bodies.
Correct answer is: Outer Space Treaty
Q.11 Under international maritime law, what is the term for waters extending 12 nautical miles from a country's baseline?
Territorial Sea
Contiguous Zone
Exclusive Economic Zone
High Seas
Explanation - Territorial waters extend 12 nautical miles from the baseline, where the state has sovereignty, including air space above and seabed below.
Correct answer is: Territorial Sea
Q.12 Which international agreement protects the environment from pollution caused by ships?
MARPOL (1973/78)
UNCLOS
Outer Space Treaty
Basel Convention
Explanation - MARPOL is the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, covering oil, chemicals, garbage, and air pollution.
Correct answer is: MARPOL (1973/78)
Q.13 Which law governs the settlement of disputes related to maritime boundaries and marine resources?
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
Outer Space Treaty
Geneva Convention
Antarctic Treaty
Explanation - UNCLOS provides mechanisms for resolving disputes concerning maritime boundaries, fishing rights, and seabed exploitation.
Correct answer is: United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
Q.14 Which treaty emphasizes that space shall be free for exploration and use by all nations?
Outer Space Treaty
Moon Agreement
Rescue Agreement
Geneva Convention
Explanation - The treaty promotes peaceful exploration and prohibits national appropriation or military occupation of celestial bodies.
Correct answer is: Outer Space Treaty
Q.15 What is the purpose of the Liability Convention (1972) in space law?
To establish liability for damage caused by space objects
To regulate military use of space
To control satellite communication
To manage moon resources
Explanation - The Liability Convention holds launching states internationally liable for damage caused by their space objects on Earth or in space.
Correct answer is: To establish liability for damage caused by space objects
Q.16 Which principle allows states to lay submarine cables and pipelines on the continental shelf?
Freedom of the high seas
Exclusive sovereignty
Common heritage of mankind
Territorial waters limit
Explanation - UNCLOS permits laying submarine cables and pipelines, as the high seas are open for all nations’ peaceful use.
Correct answer is: Freedom of the high seas
Q.17 Which treaty regulates the non-militarization of Antarctica and promotes scientific cooperation?
Antarctic Treaty
Outer Space Treaty
UNCLOS
Geneva Convention
Explanation - Although not space law, the Antarctic Treaty shares principles with space law, emphasizing peaceful use and international cooperation.
Correct answer is: Antarctic Treaty
Q.18 Which principle in maritime law governs landlocked countries' access to the sea?
Right of access to the sea
Freedom of navigation
Exclusive Economic Zone
High Seas principle
Explanation - UNCLOS recognizes landlocked states’ right of access to and from the sea for trade and navigation purposes.
Correct answer is: Right of access to the sea
Q.19 Which space law treaty addresses the use of nuclear power sources in outer space?
Outer Space Treaty
Moon Agreement
Rescue Agreement
Liability Convention
Explanation - The treaty restricts harmful contamination and regulates activities involving nuclear power sources in space exploration.
Correct answer is: Outer Space Treaty
Q.20 Which international body settles disputes arising from the interpretation or application of UNCLOS?
International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS)
International Court of Justice (ICJ)
International Criminal Court (ICC)
World Trade Organization (WTO)
Explanation - ITLOS adjudicates disputes concerning maritime boundaries, navigation rights, and marine resource exploitation under UNCLOS.
Correct answer is: International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS)
Q.21 Under space law, who is responsible for damage caused by a satellite launched by a private company?
The launching state
The United Nations
The private company alone
The International Telecommunication Union
Explanation - States are internationally liable for space activities conducted by governmental or non-governmental entities under their jurisdiction.
Correct answer is: The launching state
Q.22 Which concept in space law ensures that space resources benefit all humanity?
Common heritage of mankind
Freedom of exploration
Territorial sovereignty
Exclusive use rights
Explanation - This principle, emphasized in the Moon Agreement, promotes equitable sharing of benefits derived from celestial resources.
Correct answer is: Common heritage of mankind
Q.23 Which maritime zone extends beyond the EEZ for mineral resource exploitation on the seabed?
The Area
Territorial Sea
Contiguous Zone
High Seas
Explanation - 'The Area' under UNCLOS refers to the seabed and ocean floor beyond national jurisdiction, where resources are managed for the benefit of all mankind.
Correct answer is: The Area
Q.24 Which treaty explicitly prohibits the deployment of weapons of mass destruction on celestial bodies?
Outer Space Treaty
Moon Agreement
Rescue Agreement
Liability Convention
Explanation - The treaty ensures the peaceful use of space and prohibits the placement of nuclear or other WMDs in orbit or on celestial bodies.
Correct answer is: Outer Space Treaty
Q.25 What is the primary purpose of the Outer Space Treaty of 1967?
To establish territorial claims on celestial bodies
To promote international cooperation in space exploration
To regulate space tourism
To control the use of space-based weapons
Explanation - The Outer Space Treaty emphasizes the use of outer space for peaceful purposes and encourages international cooperation in space exploration.
Correct answer is: To promote international cooperation in space exploration
Q.26 Which article of the Outer Space Treaty requires states to avoid harmful contamination of space and celestial bodies?
Article I
Article IV
Article VI
Article IX
Explanation - Article IX of the Outer Space Treaty obligates states to avoid harmful contamination of space and celestial bodies and to conduct space activities with due regard to the corresponding interests of all other States Parties.
Correct answer is: Article IX
Q.27 Under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), what is the maximum breadth of the territorial sea that a coastal state may claim?
3 nautical miles
12 nautical miles
24 nautical miles
200 nautical miles
Explanation - UNCLOS allows coastal states to claim a territorial sea up to 12 nautical miles from their baseline.
Correct answer is: 12 nautical miles
Q.28 Which of the following is NOT a principle outlined in the Outer Space Treaty?
Non-appropriation of outer space
Freedom of exploration and use
Non-interference with other states' space activities
Establishment of military bases on celestial bodies
Explanation - The Outer Space Treaty prohibits the establishment of military bases on celestial bodies, emphasizing the peaceful use of outer space.
Correct answer is: Establishment of military bases on celestial bodies
Q.29 What does the term 'innocent passage' refer to under UNCLOS?
Passage of warships through territorial seas
Passage of foreign ships through territorial seas without causing harm
Passage of ships through internal waters
Passage of ships under distress
Explanation - Innocent passage allows foreign ships to pass through a coastal state's territorial sea as long as it is not prejudicial to the peace, good order, or security of the coastal state.
Correct answer is: Passage of foreign ships through territorial seas without causing harm
Q.30 Which organization is responsible for regulating international maritime safety standards?
World Trade Organization (WTO)
International Maritime Organization (IMO)
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
World Health Organization (WHO)
Explanation - The IMO is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for regulating shipping and ensuring maritime safety.
Correct answer is: International Maritime Organization (IMO)
Q.31 Which of the following treaties governs the suppression of unlawful acts against the safety of maritime navigation?
SOLAS Convention
UNCLOS
SUA Convention
Brussels Collision Convention
Explanation - The SUA Convention criminalizes unlawful acts against the safety of maritime navigation, including piracy and terrorism.
Correct answer is: SUA Convention
Q.32 What is the primary function of the International Maritime Search and Rescue (SAR) Convention?
To regulate maritime traffic
To establish standards for ship construction
To coordinate search and rescue operations at sea
To manage marine pollution
Explanation - The SAR Convention sets out the responsibilities of states to assist ships and aircraft in distress at sea.
Correct answer is: To coordinate search and rescue operations at sea
Q.33 Which of the following is a key feature of the Cape Town Agreement?
Regulation of fishing vessel safety
Establishment of maritime traffic lanes
Control of ship emissions
Management of marine protected areas
Explanation - The Cape Town Agreement sets out minimum safety requirements for fishing vessels of 24 meters in length and over.
Correct answer is: Regulation of fishing vessel safety
Q.34 Which of the following is a requirement under the SOLAS Convention?
Ships must carry a minimum number of life-saving appliances
Ships must have a maximum speed limit
Ships must be equipped with solar panels
Ships must use only biodegradable materials
Explanation - The SOLAS Convention sets minimum safety standards in the construction, equipment, and operation of merchant ships, including requirements for life-saving appliances.
Correct answer is: Ships must carry a minimum number of life-saving appliances
Q.35 What does the term 'exclusive economic zone' (EEZ) refer to under UNCLOS?
Area where a state has full sovereignty
Area where a state has exclusive rights to explore and exploit marine resources
Area where all states have equal rights
Area where military activities are prohibited
Explanation - An EEZ extends up to 200 nautical miles from the baseline, within which a state has exclusive rights to explore and exploit marine resources.
Correct answer is: Area where a state has exclusive rights to explore and exploit marine resources
Q.36 Which of the following is NOT a maritime zone defined by UNCLOS?
Territorial sea
Contiguous zone
Exclusive economic zone
Airspace zone
Explanation - UNCLOS defines maritime zones such as territorial sea, contiguous zone, and exclusive economic zone, but does not define an 'airspace zone'.
Correct answer is: Airspace zone
Q.37 Which of the following is a key principle of the Outer Space Treaty?
Space exploration is solely for military purposes
States are responsible for national space activities, whether conducted by government or non-governmental entities
States can claim sovereignty over celestial bodies
States must register all space objects with the UN
Explanation - The Outer Space Treaty holds states internationally responsible for national space activities, whether conducted by government or non-governmental entities.
Correct answer is: States are responsible for national space activities, whether conducted by government or non-governmental entities
Q.38 What does the term 'space debris' refer to?
Unused spacecraft
Non-functional satellites and fragments from collisions
Space stations
Asteroids
Explanation - Space debris consists of non-functional satellites, spent rocket stages, and fragments from collisions, posing risks to operational spacecraft.
Correct answer is: Non-functional satellites and fragments from collisions
Q.39 Which of the following is a major concern related to space law?
Space tourism
Space debris
Space-based weapons
All of the above
Explanation - Space law addresses various concerns, including space tourism, space debris, and the potential militarization of space.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.40 Which of the following is a function of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) in space law?
Regulating space traffic
Allocating satellite orbits and frequencies
Establishing space treaties
Monitoring space debris
Explanation - The ITU allocates satellite orbits and frequencies to prevent interference between space-based communication systems.
Correct answer is: Allocating satellite orbits and frequencies
Q.41 Which of the following is a provision of the Moon Agreement?
Moon is free for all states to claim sovereignty
Moon is considered a global commons
Moon can be used for military purposes
Moon can be privatized by corporations
Explanation - The Moon Agreement designates the Moon as a global commons and prohibits any state from claiming sovereignty over it.
Correct answer is: Moon is considered a global commons