Q.1 Which principle in bioethics emphasizes that patients should make informed decisions about their own medical care?
Beneficence
Autonomy
Non-maleficence
Justice
Explanation - Autonomy refers to respecting the patient's right to make informed decisions about their own healthcare.
Correct answer is: Autonomy
Q.2 Which international declaration sets out ethical guidelines for medical research involving human subjects?
Helsinki Declaration
Geneva Convention
Nuremberg Code
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Explanation - The Helsinki Declaration provides ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects.
Correct answer is: Helsinki Declaration
Q.3 In medical technology law, 'informed consent' primarily protects:
Healthcare providers
Medical devices
Patients
Insurance companies
Explanation - Informed consent ensures patients understand the risks, benefits, and alternatives before undergoing medical procedures.
Correct answer is: Patients
Q.4 Which bioethical principle is concerned with 'doing no harm' to patients?
Beneficence
Non-maleficence
Autonomy
Justice
Explanation - Non-maleficence means that healthcare professionals should avoid causing harm to patients.
Correct answer is: Non-maleficence
Q.5 The regulation of genetic testing primarily falls under which area of law?
Environmental Law
Bioethics and Medical Technology Law
Contract Law
Criminal Law
Explanation - Bioethics and Medical Technology Law governs the ethical and legal aspects of genetic testing, therapy, and research.
Correct answer is: Bioethics and Medical Technology Law
Q.6 Which of the following is considered a challenge in medical AI technologies?
Patient privacy
Algorithm bias
Liability in case of errors
All of the above
Explanation - Medical AI technologies raise multiple ethical and legal concerns, including privacy, bias, and liability.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.7 What is the main legal concern with stem cell research?
Environmental impact
Patient informed consent
Ethical sourcing of stem cells
Data storage costs
Explanation - Stem cell research raises ethical concerns regarding the source of cells, particularly embryonic stem cells.
Correct answer is: Ethical sourcing of stem cells
Q.8 Which act regulates human tissue and organ transplantation in many countries?
Transplantation of Human Organs Act
Medical Devices Regulation Act
Patient Rights Act
Bioethics Research Act
Explanation - This act provides the legal framework for organ donation, transplantation, and associated ethical guidelines.
Correct answer is: Transplantation of Human Organs Act
Q.9 Biobanks primarily raise legal issues related to:
Intellectual property
Patient consent and privacy
Insurance policies
Hospital accreditation
Explanation - Biobanks store human biological samples and personal data, raising privacy and consent issues.
Correct answer is: Patient consent and privacy
Q.10 Which principle requires fair distribution of healthcare resources?
Autonomy
Justice
Beneficence
Non-maleficence
Explanation - Justice in bioethics refers to fairness in distributing healthcare benefits, risks, and costs.
Correct answer is: Justice
Q.11 The term 'dual-use research' in medical technology refers to research that:
Has both commercial and medical applications
Can be used for both beneficial and harmful purposes
Combines human and animal research
Is funded by public and private sectors
Explanation - Dual-use research may advance medical science but could also be misused, raising ethical and legal concerns.
Correct answer is: Can be used for both beneficial and harmful purposes
Q.12 Which international body provides guidelines for ethical biomedical research?
World Health Organization (WHO)
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
World Trade Organization (WTO)
United Nations Security Council
Explanation - WHO issues ethical guidance on biomedical research, including clinical trials and public health interventions.
Correct answer is: World Health Organization (WHO)
Q.13 Which law protects patients' electronic health records and personal medical data?
Data Protection Act / HIPAA
Consumer Protection Act
Intellectual Property Act
Criminal Procedure Code
Explanation - Data protection laws such as HIPAA in the US ensure confidentiality and security of medical records.
Correct answer is: Data Protection Act / HIPAA
Q.14 Cloning of humans is generally prohibited due to concerns about:
Patent law
Ethics and human dignity
Environmental degradation
Taxation
Explanation - Human cloning raises profound ethical concerns, particularly about individual rights and societal implications.
Correct answer is: Ethics and human dignity
Q.15 Which technology requires specific legal oversight due to potential for designer babies?
CRISPR and gene editing
MRI imaging
Telemedicine
Wearable fitness devices
Explanation - CRISPR allows gene editing, potentially altering embryos, which raises legal and ethical questions.
Correct answer is: CRISPR and gene editing
Q.16 Medical malpractice primarily concerns which legal principle?
Negligence
Consent
Confidentiality
Property rights
Explanation - Medical malpractice cases arise when a healthcare professional fails to meet the standard of care, causing harm.
Correct answer is: Negligence
Q.17 Ethical dilemmas in end-of-life care often involve:
Patient autonomy
Life-sustaining treatment decisions
Advance directives
All of the above
Explanation - End-of-life decisions require balancing patient autonomy, ethical considerations, and legal directives.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.18 Which act regulates medical devices to ensure safety and efficacy?
Medical Devices Regulation Act
Patent Law
Food Safety Act
Pharmaceutical Pricing Act
Explanation - Medical device laws ensure that devices meet safety, performance, and labeling standards.
Correct answer is: Medical Devices Regulation Act
Q.19 The concept of 'therapeutic misconception' refers to:
Patients believing experimental treatments are guaranteed therapy
Misunderstanding medical bills
Mistaking palliative care for cure
Errors in insurance claims
Explanation - Therapeutic misconception occurs when participants confuse clinical research with individualized therapy.
Correct answer is: Patients believing experimental treatments are guaranteed therapy
Q.20 Which is a major ethical issue in telemedicine?
Patient confidentiality
Quality of care
Cross-border licensing
All of the above
Explanation - Telemedicine raises multiple legal and ethical issues, including privacy, standard of care, and licensure.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.21 Which doctrine protects healthcare providers from liability when acting in good faith during emergencies?
Good Samaritan Law
Res Ipsa Loquitur
Strict Liability
Double Jeopardy
Explanation - The Good Samaritan Law protects those who provide reasonable assistance in emergencies from legal liability.
Correct answer is: Good Samaritan Law
Q.22 Which of the following is central to ethical clinical trials?
Informed consent
Randomization
Placebo control
Advertising campaigns
Explanation - Ethical clinical trials require informed consent, ensuring participants understand risks, benefits, and alternatives.
Correct answer is: Informed consent
Q.23 Which is a key challenge in regulating digital health apps?
Data privacy
Accuracy of medical claims
User consent
All of the above
Explanation - Digital health apps involve privacy, safety, and consent issues requiring careful legal oversight.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.24 Which of the following reflects 'beneficence' in medical ethics?
Providing treatments that benefit the patient
Avoiding treatments that could harm
Respecting patient autonomy
Ensuring equal access to care
Explanation - Beneficence requires acting in ways that benefit patients, promoting their health and well-being.
Correct answer is: Providing treatments that benefit the patient