Q.1 Which document is considered the foundation of modern international human rights law?
Magna Carta
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Bill of Rights 1689
Treaty of Versailles
Explanation - The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) laid the foundation for modern international human rights standards.
Correct answer is: Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Q.2 Which organization adopted the European Convention on Human Rights?
European Union
United Nations
Council of Europe
NATO
Explanation - The Council of Europe adopted the European Convention on Human Rights in 1950.
Correct answer is: Council of Europe
Q.3 What is the main purpose of human rights law?
To regulate trade
To protect individual freedoms and dignity
To determine property rights
To promote cultural heritage
Explanation - Human rights law is designed to ensure that governments and institutions respect fundamental freedoms and dignity.
Correct answer is: To protect individual freedoms and dignity
Q.4 Which article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights guarantees the right to life?
Article 1
Article 2
Article 3
Article 4
Explanation - Article 3 states: 'Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person.'
Correct answer is: Article 3
Q.5 The Human Rights Act 1998 incorporates which international convention into UK law?
UN Charter
Geneva Conventions
European Convention on Human Rights
Rome Statute
Explanation - The Human Rights Act 1998 made the rights contained in the European Convention on Human Rights enforceable in UK courts.
Correct answer is: European Convention on Human Rights
Q.6 Which body oversees the European Court of Human Rights?
European Parliament
Council of Europe
European Commission
United Nations Security Council
Explanation - The European Court of Human Rights operates under the Council of Europe, not the EU.
Correct answer is: Council of Europe
Q.7 What is the right to asylum?
Right to free education
Right to work abroad
Right to seek protection from persecution
Right to vote in another country
Explanation - The right to asylum allows individuals to seek protection if they are persecuted in their home country.
Correct answer is: Right to seek protection from persecution
Q.8 Which article of the European Convention on Human Rights prohibits torture?
Article 2
Article 3
Article 6
Article 8
Explanation - Article 3 of the ECHR prohibits torture and inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.
Correct answer is: Article 3
Q.9 Which of the following is a civil and political right?
Right to work
Right to education
Right to vote
Right to healthcare
Explanation - Civil and political rights include freedom of expression, right to fair trial, and right to vote.
Correct answer is: Right to vote
Q.10 Which body monitors compliance with the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)?
Human Rights Council
UN General Assembly
Human Rights Committee
UN Security Council
Explanation - The Human Rights Committee monitors states’ compliance with the ICCPR.
Correct answer is: Human Rights Committee
Q.11 Which concept refers to rights that cannot be suspended even in emergencies?
Absolute rights
Relative rights
Social rights
Economic rights
Explanation - Absolute rights, like the prohibition of torture, cannot be limited under any circumstances.
Correct answer is: Absolute rights
Q.12 Which case established that the Human Rights Act allows UK courts to issue a 'declaration of incompatibility'?
R v Brown
A v Secretary of State for the Home Department
R v Anderson
Ghaidan v Godin-Mendoza
Explanation - This case demonstrated the courts' power to issue a declaration of incompatibility under the HRA.
Correct answer is: A v Secretary of State for the Home Department
Q.13 Which of these is a second-generation human right?
Right to free speech
Right to fair trial
Right to education
Right to asylum
Explanation - Second-generation rights are economic, social, and cultural rights, such as the right to education.
Correct answer is: Right to education
Q.14 Which UN body replaced the Commission on Human Rights in 2006?
UN Security Council
Human Rights Council
General Assembly
International Court of Justice
Explanation - The Human Rights Council was established in 2006, replacing the UN Commission on Human Rights.
Correct answer is: Human Rights Council
Q.15 What does Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights protect?
Freedom of movement
Right to life
Freedom of expression
Right to property
Explanation - Article 10 guarantees freedom of expression, though it can be restricted in certain circumstances.
Correct answer is: Freedom of expression
Q.16 Which legal doctrine ensures that human rights apply to everyone equally?
Supremacy of Parliament
Rule of Law
Judicial Review
Separation of Powers
Explanation - The Rule of Law ensures that all individuals are subject to the same laws and protections.
Correct answer is: Rule of Law
Q.17 Which right is protected under Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights?
Right to private and family life
Freedom of assembly
Right to property
Right to education
Explanation - Article 8 protects respect for private and family life, home, and correspondence.
Correct answer is: Right to private and family life
Q.18 What is the key principle behind the 'margin of appreciation' doctrine in human rights law?
All states must apply rights uniformly
States have discretion in how they apply rights
Rights can be ignored in times of crisis
Only international courts decide rights issues
Explanation - The margin of appreciation allows states some leeway in balancing rights with cultural and national differences.
Correct answer is: States have discretion in how they apply rights
Q.19 Which treaty established the International Criminal Court?
Geneva Conventions
Rome Statute
Vienna Convention
Maastricht Treaty
Explanation - The Rome Statute of 1998 established the International Criminal Court.
Correct answer is: Rome Statute
Q.20 Which rights are known as 'first-generation' rights?
Economic and social rights
Civil and political rights
Collective rights
Cultural rights
Explanation - First-generation rights are civil and political, focusing on individual liberties and protections.
Correct answer is: Civil and political rights
Q.21 What is the purpose of judicial review in human rights cases?
To make new laws
To evaluate government actions for legality
To approve international treaties
To monitor elections
Explanation - Judicial review allows courts to assess whether government actions are lawful and compatible with rights.
Correct answer is: To evaluate government actions for legality
Q.22 Which article of the European Convention on Human Rights guarantees the right to a fair trial?
Article 3
Article 6
Article 8
Article 10
Explanation - Article 6 guarantees the right to a fair trial in civil and criminal matters.
Correct answer is: Article 6
Q.23 Which human rights document begins with 'All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights'?
European Convention on Human Rights
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
US Bill of Rights
Magna Carta
Explanation - The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) begins with this famous principle.
Correct answer is: Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Q.24 Which group of rights includes the right to development and a healthy environment?
First-generation rights
Second-generation rights
Third-generation rights
Absolute rights
Explanation - Third-generation rights are collective rights, including development and environmental protection.
Correct answer is: Third-generation rights
Q.25 In the UK, which court has the final authority on human rights issues?
European Court of Justice
European Court of Human Rights
UK Supreme Court
House of Lords
Explanation - The UK Supreme Court has the final authority domestically, though individuals can appeal to the European Court of Human Rights.
Correct answer is: UK Supreme Court