Q.1 Which international document is most directly associated with procedural human rights protections?
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Geneva Conventions
Kyoto Protocol
World Trade Organization Agreement
Explanation - The UDHR lays down basic human rights standards, including due process rights that form the foundation of procedural human rights law.
Correct answer is: Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Q.2 What does the principle of 'due process' primarily protect?
Freedom of speech
Fair trial rights
Environmental rights
Voting rights
Explanation - Due process ensures fairness in legal proceedings, including impartial courts and proper notice of charges.
Correct answer is: Fair trial rights
Q.3 The right to a fair trial is guaranteed under which article of the European Convention on Human Rights?
Article 2
Article 6
Article 10
Article 14
Explanation - Article 6 of the ECHR ensures the right to a fair and public hearing within a reasonable time by an independent tribunal.
Correct answer is: Article 6
Q.4 Which of the following is NOT considered part of procedural human rights?
Right to legal representation
Right to be heard
Right to a public hearing
Right to own property
Explanation - Property rights are substantive, not procedural. Procedural rights deal with fair processes.
Correct answer is: Right to own property
Q.5 What does 'habeas corpus' ensure?
Freedom of expression
Right against unlawful detention
Right to vote
Right to education
Explanation - Habeas corpus requires authorities to justify a person's detention before a court.
Correct answer is: Right against unlawful detention
Q.6 Which organization supervises compliance with the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)?
UN Human Rights Committee
International Court of Justice
World Bank
UNESCO
Explanation - The UN Human Rights Committee monitors implementation of the ICCPR, which protects due process rights.
Correct answer is: UN Human Rights Committee
Q.7 Which term describes the right to defend oneself before a court?
Audi alteram partem
Res judicata
Mens rea
Stare decisis
Explanation - This Latin maxim means 'hear the other side,' ensuring fair trial participation.
Correct answer is: Audi alteram partem
Q.8 What is the main purpose of procedural law in human rights?
To guarantee fairness in legal processes
To determine ownership of property
To regulate elections
To define criminal acts
Explanation - Procedural law ensures the mechanisms of justice are fair, impartial, and transparent.
Correct answer is: To guarantee fairness in legal processes
Q.9 Which right ensures that a person cannot be tried twice for the same crime?
Right to appeal
Right against double jeopardy
Right to legal counsel
Right to freedom of movement
Explanation - Double jeopardy prevents repeated trials for the same offense, protecting fairness.
Correct answer is: Right against double jeopardy
Q.10 Which procedural right is violated if a trial is conducted in secret without justification?
Right to equality
Right to a public hearing
Right to silence
Right to privacy
Explanation - A public hearing ensures transparency and accountability in the judicial process.
Correct answer is: Right to a public hearing
Q.11 What does 'presumption of innocence' mean?
Accused must prove innocence
Accused is guilty until proven innocent
Accused is considered innocent until proven guilty
Accused cannot be tried
Explanation - Presumption of innocence is a cornerstone of fair trial rights in human rights law.
Correct answer is: Accused is considered innocent until proven guilty
Q.12 Which body enforces the European Convention on Human Rights?
European Court of Justice
European Court of Human Rights
European Parliament
UN Human Rights Council
Explanation - The ECHR enforces compliance with the European Convention on Human Rights.
Correct answer is: European Court of Human Rights
Q.13 Which procedural right allows a person to challenge evidence used against them?
Right to silence
Right to confront witnesses
Right to privacy
Right to education
Explanation - This right ensures that accused persons can test the reliability of evidence through cross-examination.
Correct answer is: Right to confront witnesses
Q.14 What does 'equality of arms' mean in human rights procedural law?
Both parties must have equal financial resources
Both parties must have equal procedural opportunities
Judges must be equally trained
Laws must apply equally to all countries
Explanation - Equality of arms ensures that neither side has a significant disadvantage in legal proceedings.
Correct answer is: Both parties must have equal procedural opportunities
Q.15 In criminal trials, the right to legal assistance is guaranteed under which ICCPR article?
Article 9
Article 14
Article 19
Article 21
Explanation - Article 14 of the ICCPR guarantees fair trial rights, including legal assistance.
Correct answer is: Article 14
Q.16 Which of these is a violation of procedural human rights?
Delaying trial without reason
Allowing appeals
Providing legal aid
Publicly pronouncing judgment
Explanation - Excessive delays violate the right to trial within a reasonable time.
Correct answer is: Delaying trial without reason
Q.17 Which right prevents torture to obtain confessions in trials?
Right against self-incrimination
Right to privacy
Right to silence
Right to education
Explanation - This right ensures individuals are not forced into self-incriminating confessions, protecting procedural fairness.
Correct answer is: Right against self-incrimination
Q.18 The International Criminal Court (ICC) ensures procedural rights under which statute?
Rome Statute
Geneva Convention
Vienna Convention
Magna Carta
Explanation - The Rome Statute establishes the ICC and provides detailed fair trial rights.
Correct answer is: Rome Statute
Q.19 Which of the following is an example of procedural human rights in practice?
Right to marry
Right to vote
Right to appeal a judgment
Right to health care
Explanation - The right to appeal is procedural, ensuring errors can be corrected in higher courts.
Correct answer is: Right to appeal a judgment
Q.20 What does the principle of 'non-retroactivity of criminal law' protect?
No one can be punished for an act that was not a crime at the time
No one can appeal after conviction
No one can question court rulings
No one can be arrested after release
Explanation - Non-retroactivity ensures legal certainty and fairness.
Correct answer is: No one can be punished for an act that was not a crime at the time
Q.21 What is meant by the right to an 'effective remedy'?
Everyone has the right to a lawyer
Everyone has the right to compensation for harm caused by rights violations
Everyone has the right to education
Everyone has the right to silence
Explanation - An effective remedy ensures victims of rights violations can obtain redress.
Correct answer is: Everyone has the right to compensation for harm caused by rights violations
Q.22 Which of the following is a safeguard against arbitrary arrest?
Right to work
Right to liberty and security of person
Right to housing
Right to education
Explanation - This right, in ICCPR Article 9, ensures protection from arbitrary arrest and detention.
Correct answer is: Right to liberty and security of person
Q.23 Which document first codified the principle of habeas corpus?
Magna Carta
Geneva Conventions
Rome Statute
Vienna Convention
Explanation - The Magna Carta (1215) introduced habeas corpus, requiring lawful justification for detention.
Correct answer is: Magna Carta
Q.24 Which human rights principle requires courts to be independent and impartial?
Equality before law
Right to fair trial
Freedom of movement
Right to privacy
Explanation - Fair trial rights require that courts are independent from external influence and impartial.
Correct answer is: Right to fair trial
Q.25 What does the right to silence primarily protect?
Freedom of expression
Accused from self-incrimination
Witness testimony
Court secrecy
Explanation - The right to silence ensures that accused persons are not compelled to incriminate themselves.
Correct answer is: Accused from self-incrimination
Q.26 Which of the following is a primary purpose of human rights procedural law?
To create economic policies
To provide a framework for enforcing human rights
To establish trade agreements
To regulate corporate taxes
Explanation - Human rights procedural law ensures mechanisms are in place for the protection and enforcement of human rights.
Correct answer is: To provide a framework for enforcing human rights
Q.27 Which international body primarily monitors human rights compliance by member states?
World Trade Organization
United Nations Human Rights Council
International Monetary Fund
World Health Organization
Explanation - The UN Human Rights Council reviews human rights situations and makes recommendations to member states.
Correct answer is: United Nations Human Rights Council
Q.28 What legal document commonly establishes the right to a fair trial?
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Geneva Convention on Refugees
Paris Agreement
Hague Convention
Explanation - Article 10 of the UDHR explicitly guarantees the right to a fair and public hearing by an impartial tribunal.
Correct answer is: Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Q.29 In human rights law, what is the principle of 'habeas corpus' primarily designed to protect?
Property rights
Freedom from unlawful detention
Right to free education
Freedom of trade
Explanation - 'Habeas corpus' ensures that a person cannot be detained without lawful justification.
Correct answer is: Freedom from unlawful detention
Q.30 Which of the following remedies is commonly available under human rights procedural law?
Monetary compensation for rights violations
Tax exemption
Trade sanctions
Patent registration
Explanation - Procedural law often allows victims of human rights violations to seek remedies, including compensation and restoration of rights.
Correct answer is: Monetary compensation for rights violations
Q.31 What is the role of a National Human Rights Commission in procedural law?
To regulate international trade
To investigate human rights violations and recommend action
To draft tax policies
To monitor environmental laws
Explanation - National Human Rights Commissions are tasked with investigating complaints, monitoring rights compliance, and advising governments.
Correct answer is: To investigate human rights violations and recommend action
Q.32 Which of the following is a procedural safeguard in human rights law?
Right to vote
Right to appeal decisions
Right to start a business
Right to free transport
Explanation - Procedural safeguards like appeals ensure protection of individuals against wrongful or unfair decisions.
Correct answer is: Right to appeal decisions
Q.33 Which article of the Indian Constitution guarantees the protection of life and personal liberty?
Article 14
Article 19
Article 21
Article 32
Explanation - Article 21 ensures the right to life and personal liberty, forming the basis for many human rights claims in India.
Correct answer is: Article 21
Q.34 What is the main function of an amicus curiae in human rights cases?
To act as a defendant
To provide expert guidance to the court
To enforce penalties
To draft legislation
Explanation - An amicus curiae ('friend of the court') offers expertise or insight to assist the court in decision-making.
Correct answer is: To provide expert guidance to the court
Q.35 Which of the following is an international treaty focused on civil and political rights?
ICCPR
ICESCR
CITES
Kyoto Protocol
Explanation - The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) protects individual freedoms such as speech, religion, and due process.
Correct answer is: ICCPR
Q.36 Which procedural principle ensures that a person accused of human rights violations has access to evidence against them?
Right to silence
Right to know the charges
Right to a speedy trial
Right to representation
Explanation - Procedural law requires transparency so that the accused can adequately defend themselves.
Correct answer is: Right to know the charges
Q.37 Which of the following remedies is available under international human rights law for victims of torture?
Restorative justice and compensation
Criminal immunity
Trade benefits
Employment guarantee
Explanation - International law, including the Convention Against Torture, provides for rehabilitation, compensation, and accountability.
Correct answer is: Restorative justice and compensation
Q.38 What is the significance of the right to petition under human rights procedural law?
It allows citizens to propose new taxes
It allows citizens to seek judicial intervention for rights violations
It enables citizens to conduct elections
It grants authority to enforce laws directly
Explanation - Petition rights empower individuals to bring violations before courts or commissions for redress.
Correct answer is: It allows citizens to seek judicial intervention for rights violations
Q.39 Which body is primarily responsible for adjudicating violations of the European Convention on Human Rights?
European Court of Human Rights
International Court of Justice
European Parliament
Council of Europe Committee
Explanation - The ECHR adjudicates complaints by individuals or states regarding human rights violations in member countries.
Correct answer is: European Court of Human Rights
Q.40 Which of the following ensures accountability of state authorities under human rights procedural law?
Judicial review
Corporate audits
Economic sanctions
Trade inspections
Explanation - Judicial review allows courts to examine the actions of state authorities to ensure compliance with human rights standards.
Correct answer is: Judicial review
Q.41 Which legal doctrine allows courts to prevent abuse of rights in procedural matters?
Doctrine of proportionality
Doctrine of caveat emptor
Doctrine of stare decisis
Doctrine of ultra vires
Explanation - This doctrine ensures that the exercise of rights or powers is reasonable, necessary, and balanced.
Correct answer is: Doctrine of proportionality
Q.42 In human rights procedural law, what is the importance of interim relief?
To postpone elections
To temporarily prevent harm before final judgment
To authorize trade agreements
To amend legislation
Explanation - Interim relief provides urgent protection of rights while the full case is being adjudicated.
Correct answer is: To temporarily prevent harm before final judgment
Q.43 Which of the following is a principle of non-discrimination under human rights procedural law?
All citizens must pay the same tax
No person should be treated unfairly based on race, gender, or religion
All corporations must have equal profits
All states must trade equally
Explanation - Non-discrimination ensures equal protection of rights for every individual regardless of inherent characteristics.
Correct answer is: No person should be treated unfairly based on race, gender, or religion
Q.44 Which procedural mechanism allows for collective action in human rights cases?
Class action or public interest litigation
Individual tax filing
Corporate board meeting
Trade negotiation
Explanation - PIL or class actions enable groups or citizens to seek remedies for violations affecting multiple people.
Correct answer is: Class action or public interest litigation
Q.45 Which international covenant focuses primarily on economic, social, and cultural rights?
ICESCR
ICCPR
UNFCCC
CITES
Explanation - The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights emphasizes rights like education, health, and work.
Correct answer is: ICESCR
Q.46 Which type of jurisdiction allows courts to hear cases regarding human rights violations across borders?
Universal jurisdiction
Local jurisdiction
Appellate jurisdiction
Concurrent jurisdiction
Explanation - Universal jurisdiction permits prosecution of serious human rights crimes like genocide or torture regardless of where they occurred.
Correct answer is: Universal jurisdiction
Q.47 Which legal principle ensures that evidence obtained through human rights violations is inadmissible in court?
Exclusionary rule
Doctrine of ultra vires
Principle of caveat emptor
Principle of estoppel
Explanation - The exclusionary rule prevents courts from admitting evidence obtained in violation of human rights, protecting procedural fairness.
Correct answer is: Exclusionary rule
Q.48 Which of the following is a common procedure for monitoring detention facilities for human rights compliance?
Inspection and reporting by independent bodies
Annual corporate audits
Periodic tax reviews
Trade inspections
Explanation - Independent inspections ensure that detention centers comply with human rights standards and prevent abuse.
Correct answer is: Inspection and reporting by independent bodies
Q.49 Which of the following is essential for ensuring access to justice in human rights cases?
Availability of legal aid
Corporate sponsorship
Trade facilitation
Public education campaigns only
Explanation - Legal aid helps vulnerable individuals enforce their rights, ensuring fair access to the legal system.
Correct answer is: Availability of legal aid