Q.1 Which of the following best defines criminology?
The study of laws only
The scientific study of crime, criminals, and criminal behavior
The practice of defending criminals in court
The enforcement of police rules
Explanation - Criminology is an interdisciplinary field that studies the causes, consequences, and prevention of criminal behavior.
Correct answer is: The scientific study of crime, criminals, and criminal behavior
Q.2 Which theory suggests that crime occurs when an individual's bond to society is weak?
Strain Theory
Control Theory
Labeling Theory
Conflict Theory
Explanation - Control Theory posits that people commit crimes when their social bonds (family, school, community) are weak or broken.
Correct answer is: Control Theory
Q.3 Which branch of law primarily deals with crimes and their punishments?
Civil Law
Criminal Law
International Law
Constitutional Law
Explanation - Criminal law focuses on behavior that is considered harmful to society and prescribes punishments for such acts.
Correct answer is: Criminal Law
Q.4 What is the main focus of victimology?
Studying criminals' motives
Studying victims and the impact of crime on them
Preventing crime through law enforcement
Analyzing prison systems
Explanation - Victimology studies the psychological, social, and legal impacts of crime on victims.
Correct answer is: Studying victims and the impact of crime on them
Q.5 Which type of crime is primarily committed for financial gain?
White-collar crime
Violent crime
Hate crime
Cybercrime
Explanation - White-collar crimes are financially motivated, non-violent crimes typically committed by business or government professionals.
Correct answer is: White-collar crime
Q.6 Who is considered the 'father of modern criminology'?
Edwin Sutherland
Cesare Lombroso
Emile Durkheim
Beccaria
Explanation - Lombroso is known for his theory of the 'born criminal' and his pioneering work in criminology.
Correct answer is: Cesare Lombroso
Q.7 Which criminological theory emphasizes the role of social and economic inequalities in causing crime?
Strain Theory
Conflict Theory
Labeling Theory
Deterrence Theory
Explanation - Conflict Theory views crime as a result of social and economic inequalities, where laws reflect the interests of powerful groups.
Correct answer is: Conflict Theory
Q.8 Cybercrime is a type of crime that primarily involves:
Physical violence
Computer and internet technology
Political conflicts
Financial institutions only
Explanation - Cybercrime includes offenses like hacking, phishing, online fraud, and identity theft, using digital technologies.
Correct answer is: Computer and internet technology
Q.9 Which legal principle requires that a person cannot be tried twice for the same crime?
Habeas Corpus
Double Jeopardy
Mens Rea
Stare Decisis
Explanation - Double Jeopardy is a legal principle protecting individuals from being prosecuted multiple times for the same offense.
Correct answer is: Double Jeopardy
Q.10 Which concept in criminology suggests that people may commit crime because they are labeled as criminals?
Deterrence Theory
Labeling Theory
Rational Choice Theory
Routine Activity Theory
Explanation - Labeling Theory posits that assigning labels like 'criminal' can influence individuals to act in accordance with that label.
Correct answer is: Labeling Theory
Q.11 Which of the following is considered a violent crime?
Fraud
Embezzlement
Assault
Tax evasion
Explanation - Violent crimes involve physical harm or the threat of harm to individuals, such as assault or murder.
Correct answer is: Assault
Q.12 Routine Activity Theory argues that crime occurs when three elements converge. Which is NOT one of them?
Motivated offender
Suitable target
Lack of capable guardian
Harsh punishment
Explanation - Routine Activity Theory focuses on the presence of a motivated offender, a suitable target, and absence of a capable guardian, not punishment.
Correct answer is: Harsh punishment
Q.13 What does 'mens rea' mean in criminal law?
The guilty act
The guilty mind
The punishment
The evidence
Explanation - Mens rea refers to the mental state or intention of a person to commit a crime.
Correct answer is: The guilty mind
Q.14 Which type of criminology studies crime in relation to psychological factors of the individual?
Sociological Criminology
Psychological Criminology
Critical Criminology
Environmental Criminology
Explanation - Psychological criminology analyzes how individual personality traits, mental health, and cognitive processes relate to criminal behavior.
Correct answer is: Psychological Criminology
Q.15 Which punishment theory focuses on preventing crime by making an example of offenders?
Rehabilitation
Retribution
Deterrence
Restorative Justice
Explanation - Deterrence theory aims to discourage criminal acts by imposing penalties that make crime less attractive.
Correct answer is: Deterrence
Q.16 Which criminologist developed the concept of 'differential association'?
Edwin Sutherland
Cesare Lombroso
Robert Merton
Travis Hirschi
Explanation - Sutherland's Differential Association Theory explains that criminal behavior is learned through interaction with others.
Correct answer is: Edwin Sutherland
Q.17 Which form of crime is most likely to occur in workplaces and corporations?
Blue-collar crime
White-collar crime
Organized crime
Street crime
Explanation - White-collar crimes occur in professional or corporate settings, often involving fraud, embezzlement, or insider trading.
Correct answer is: White-collar crime
Q.18 Which of the following is an example of organized crime?
Mugging
Drug trafficking rings
Shoplifting
Traffic violation
Explanation - Organized crime involves structured groups committing crimes on a large scale for profit or power.
Correct answer is: Drug trafficking rings
Q.19 Beccaria is best known for which contribution to criminology?
Theory of the born criminal
Foundations of modern penology and deterrence
Differential association theory
Routine activity theory
Explanation - Cesare Beccaria emphasized that punishments should be proportionate, prompt, and public to deter crime effectively.
Correct answer is: Foundations of modern penology and deterrence
Q.20 Hate crimes are motivated primarily by:
Financial gain
Bias against a specific group
Political advantage
Accidental causes
Explanation - Hate crimes target individuals or groups based on race, religion, ethnicity, sexual orientation, or other characteristics.
Correct answer is: Bias against a specific group
Q.21 Which criminological approach emphasizes that laws are created by powerful groups to control the less powerful?
Conflict Theory
Strain Theory
Biological Theory
Psychological Theory
Explanation - Conflict Theory sees crime and law as products of social inequality, where dominant groups use the legal system to maintain power.
Correct answer is: Conflict Theory
Q.22 The study of patterns and causes of crime in specific locations is known as:
Environmental Criminology
Psychological Criminology
Critical Criminology
Victimology
Explanation - Environmental criminology focuses on the relationship between crime, places, and spatial behavior.
Correct answer is: Environmental Criminology
Q.23 Which of the following is a primary goal of restorative justice?
Punishing the offender harshly
Restoring the victim and community relationships
Increasing incarceration rates
Eliminating all white-collar crimes
Explanation - Restorative justice seeks to repair harm caused by crime through reconciliation and community involvement rather than solely punishment.
Correct answer is: Restoring the victim and community relationships
Q.24 Which crime theory suggests that societal pressures can lead individuals to commit crimes?
Strain Theory
Control Theory
Labeling Theory
Routine Activity Theory
Explanation - Strain Theory posits that individuals may resort to crime when legitimate means to achieve societal goals are blocked.
Correct answer is: Strain Theory