Q.1 What is the primary goal of justice in a legal system?
To punish wrongdoers harshly
To ensure fairness and equality
To favor the wealthy
To maintain power of the state
Explanation - Justice aims to guarantee fairness and equal treatment under the law, ensuring rights are protected without bias.
Correct answer is: To ensure fairness and equality
Q.2 Which philosopher is most closely associated with the idea of 'justice as fairness'?
Plato
John Rawls
Aristotle
Thomas Hobbes
Explanation - John Rawls developed the concept of 'justice as fairness' in his influential work 'A Theory of Justice'.
Correct answer is: John Rawls
Q.3 What does distributive justice primarily concern?
Punishing crimes
Dividing resources fairly
Freedom of speech
Court procedures
Explanation - Distributive justice focuses on the fair allocation of resources, wealth, and opportunities in society.
Correct answer is: Dividing resources fairly
Q.4 Which type of justice deals with fair procedures in decision-making?
Distributive justice
Restorative justice
Procedural justice
Retributive justice
Explanation - Procedural justice emphasizes fairness in the processes and methods used to make legal or social decisions.
Correct answer is: Procedural justice
Q.5 Retributive justice is primarily concerned with:
Helping victims heal
Fair resource distribution
Punishment for wrongdoing
Preventing discrimination
Explanation - Retributive justice focuses on imposing penalties on offenders to ensure they receive consequences proportional to their actions.
Correct answer is: Punishment for wrongdoing
Q.6 Restorative justice emphasizes:
Rehabilitation of offenders and reconciliation with victims
Severe punishment
Economic equality
Quick trials
Explanation - Restorative justice seeks to repair harm by encouraging offenders to take responsibility and rebuild relationships.
Correct answer is: Rehabilitation of offenders and reconciliation with victims
Q.7 Which concept is central to Aristotle’s view of justice?
Justice as fairness
Justice as equality
Justice as proportionality
Justice as revenge
Explanation - Aristotle viewed justice as giving each person what they deserve, emphasizing proportional fairness rather than strict equality.
Correct answer is: Justice as proportionality
Q.8 The principle of 'equality before the law' means:
All citizens are treated the same regardless of status
Wealthy people get privileges
The government decides who is equal
Judges can choose who is equal
Explanation - Equality before the law ensures no one is above or below the law, regardless of wealth, class, or background.
Correct answer is: All citizens are treated the same regardless of status
Q.9 Which type of justice focuses on correcting past wrongs and compensating victims?
Procedural justice
Restorative justice
Distributive justice
Retributive justice
Explanation - Restorative justice prioritizes repairing harm and restoring relationships after wrongdoing.
Correct answer is: Restorative justice
Q.10 What does the term 'social justice' generally refer to?
Equal access to rights, resources, and opportunities
Giving special power to judges
Focusing only on punishment
Maintaining traditional hierarchies
Explanation - Social justice emphasizes equality and fairness in opportunities, access to resources, and human rights.
Correct answer is: Equal access to rights, resources, and opportunities
Q.11 John Rawls’ 'veil of ignorance' thought experiment is designed to:
Create inequality
Ensure unbiased principles of justice
Promote authoritarianism
Focus on criminal punishment
Explanation - Rawls proposed that people should design society’s rules without knowing their social position, ensuring fairness.
Correct answer is: Ensure unbiased principles of justice
Q.12 Which type of justice asks whether punishments are proportional to crimes?
Restorative justice
Retributive justice
Social justice
Distributive justice
Explanation - Retributive justice focuses on proportionality in punishment, ensuring it matches the severity of the wrongdoing.
Correct answer is: Retributive justice
Q.13 Which principle is essential to the rule of law?
Laws must be clear and apply equally
Judges can change laws anytime
Government is above the law
Laws should remain secret
Explanation - Rule of law requires that laws are transparent, predictable, and apply equally to all citizens.
Correct answer is: Laws must be clear and apply equally
Q.14 Who argued that justice is 'the advantage of the stronger'?
Plato
Aristotle
Thrasymachus
John Locke
Explanation - In Plato’s 'Republic', Thrasymachus claims justice reflects the interests of those in power.
Correct answer is: Thrasymachus
Q.15 The idea that ‘like cases should be treated alike’ reflects which principle?
Fairness
Equality
Proportionality
Mercy
Explanation - Justice requires treating similar cases in a consistent and equal manner without discrimination.
Correct answer is: Equality
Q.16 What is the main criticism of purely retributive justice?
It ignores fairness
It neglects victims’ needs
It gives too much to the poor
It is too complex
Explanation - Critics argue retributive justice focuses too much on punishment and fails to address healing for victims.
Correct answer is: It neglects victims’ needs
Q.17 What principle of justice underlies affirmative action policies?
Retributive justice
Compensatory justice
Procedural justice
Punitive justice
Explanation - Compensatory justice aims to correct historical injustices by offering opportunities to disadvantaged groups.
Correct answer is: Compensatory justice
Q.18 What does legal justice focus on?
Distribution of wealth
Application of laws fairly
Private morality
Religious teachings
Explanation - Legal justice is concerned with ensuring that laws are applied fairly and consistently by legal institutions.
Correct answer is: Application of laws fairly
Q.19 Which principle is most associated with the idea of 'an eye for an eye'?
Restorative justice
Retributive justice
Procedural justice
Distributive justice
Explanation - The 'eye for an eye' approach represents retributive justice, where punishment mirrors the offense.
Correct answer is: Retributive justice
Q.20 Justice that focuses on repairing harm done by crimes is:
Retributive justice
Restorative justice
Procedural justice
Distributive justice
Explanation - Restorative justice centers on healing, reconciliation, and repairing the damage caused by wrongdoing.
Correct answer is: Restorative justice
Q.21 Who described justice as 'giving each his due'?
Plato
Cicero
Aristotle
Socrates
Explanation - Cicero, the Roman philosopher, described justice as the moral duty to give each individual their due rights.
Correct answer is: Cicero
Q.22 What does corrective justice seek to achieve?
Punishment for crimes
Restoration of balance between parties
Redistribution of wealth
Making laws flexible
Explanation - Corrective justice corrects unfair advantages or losses between individuals, often through compensation.
Correct answer is: Restoration of balance between parties
Q.23 Which concept is emphasized in utilitarian theories of justice?
Maximizing overall happiness
Strict equality
Religious morality
Harsh punishments
Explanation - Utilitarian theories of justice argue that actions and laws should promote the greatest happiness for the greatest number.
Correct answer is: Maximizing overall happiness
Q.24 What principle underlies the presumption of innocence?
Procedural fairness
Retributive fairness
Restorative fairness
Distributive fairness
Explanation - The presumption of innocence ensures fair legal processes, protecting individuals until proven guilty.
Correct answer is: Procedural fairness
Q.25 What is the key difference between distributive and corrective justice?
Distributive is about resources, corrective is about rectifying wrongs
Distributive is punishment, corrective is fairness
Distributive is law-making, corrective is morality
Distributive is political, corrective is economic
Explanation - Distributive justice deals with fair allocation of resources, while corrective justice addresses individual wrongs.
Correct answer is: Distributive is about resources, corrective is about rectifying wrongs