Q.1 What is the primary purpose of a Distribution Management System (DMS) in a smart grid?
To control the generation units in a power plant
To monitor and optimize the operation of the distribution network
To manage billing and customer payments
To regulate the frequency of the transmission system
Explanation - A DMS provides real‑time monitoring, analysis, and control functions for the electric distribution system, aiming to improve reliability, efficiency, and power quality.
Correct answer is: To monitor and optimize the operation of the distribution network
Q.2 Which communication protocol is most commonly used for IEC 61850 based DMS applications?
Modbus TCP
DNP3 over TCP/IP
MMS (Manufacturing Message Specification)
BACnet
Explanation - IEC 61850 defines the MMS protocol as the standard communication service for high‑speed, reliable data exchange between IEDs and DMS applications.
Correct answer is: MMS (Manufacturing Message Specification)
Q.3 In a DMS, which function is responsible for detecting and isolating faults in the distribution network?
Load forecasting
Volt/VAR optimization (VVO)
Fault location, isolation, and service restoration (FLISR)
Demand response management
Explanation - FLISR algorithms use real‑time data to locate faults, isolate the affected sections, and reconfigure the network to restore service quickly.
Correct answer is: Fault location, isolation, and service restoration (FLISR)
Q.4 Which of the following devices typically provides real‑time voltage measurements to the DMS?
Smart meter
SCADA terminal server
Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU)
Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS)
Explanation - PMUs deliver synchronized voltage (and current) phasor data at high reporting rates, which are essential for advanced DMS functions such as voltage stability analysis.
Correct answer is: Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU)
Q.5 What does the acronym VVO stand for in the context of DMS?
Voltage‑Vibration Optimization
Volt/VAR Optimization
Variable Voltage Operation
Voltage‑Voltage Oscillation
Explanation - VVO refers to the coordinated control of voltage levels and reactive power (VAR) to improve power quality and reduce losses.
Correct answer is: Volt/VAR Optimization
Q.6 Which of the following is NOT a typical input data source for a DMS?
SCADA telemetry
Geographic Information System (GIS) data
Customer billing records
Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) data
Explanation - While billing records are important for utilities, they are not directly used by DMS for real‑time operational decisions; the DMS relies on telemetry, GIS, and AMI data.
Correct answer is: Customer billing records
Q.7 In DMS terminology, what does the term 'reconfiguration' refer to?
Changing the tariff structure for customers
Altering the physical layout of transmission towers
Switching network elements to form a new topology after a disturbance
Updating the firmware of IEDs
Explanation - Reconfiguration involves opening and closing switches to isolate faults and restore power, creating a new network configuration that maintains service continuity.
Correct answer is: Switching network elements to form a new topology after a disturbance
Q.8 Which algorithm is commonly employed by DMS for optimal power flow (OPF) calculations?
Newton‑Raphson
Dijkstra's shortest path
K‑means clustering
Fast Fourier Transform
Explanation - Newton‑Raphson is widely used for solving the nonlinear equations in OPF due to its fast convergence properties.
Correct answer is: Newton‑Raphson
Q.9 What is the main advantage of using a decentralized DMS architecture over a centralized one?
Lower initial capital cost
Reduced communication latency and improved scalability
Simpler user interface
Elimination of the need for SCADA
Explanation - Decentralized DMS places computation closer to field devices, decreasing latency and allowing the system to scale more easily as the network grows.
Correct answer is: Reduced communication latency and improved scalability
Q.10 Which of the following is a typical output of a DMS load forecasting module?
Predicted voltage magnitude for each bus for the next 24 hours
Estimated daily water consumption of customers
Future generation unit start‑up times
Projected customer churn rate
Explanation - Load forecasts are used to predict future demand, which in turn allows the DMS to estimate voltage profiles and plan corrective actions.
Correct answer is: Predicted voltage magnitude for each bus for the next 24 hours
Q.11 Which of the following is a key performance indicator (KPI) used to evaluate DMS effectiveness?
Average Customer Billing Cycle
System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI)
Number of Smart Meters Deployed
Percentage of Renewable Energy Penetration
Explanation - SAIDI measures the average outage duration for customers and reflects the reliability improvements achieved by DMS functions such as FLISR.
Correct answer is: System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI)
Q.12 Which technology enables a DMS to perform real‑time state estimation in a distribution network?
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)
Smart Grid Relays (SGR)
Both SCADA and AMI data integration
Explanation - Combining high‑frequency SCADA measurements with granular AMI data provides the observability needed for accurate real‑time distribution state estimation.
Correct answer is: Both SCADA and AMI data integration
Q.13 In the context of DMS, what does the term "islanding" refer to?
A fault that isolates a single customer
The operation of a microgrid independently from the main grid
A method of increasing transmission line capacity
A technique for reducing harmonic distortion
Explanation - Islanding describes a condition where a portion of the network (often a microgrid) continues to operate autonomously after being disconnected from the bulk grid.
Correct answer is: The operation of a microgrid independently from the main grid
Q.14 Which of the following is a common cybersecurity threat specifically relevant to DMS communications?
Phishing emails to customers
False Data Injection attacks
Physical theft of meters
Over‑voltage transients
Explanation - False Data Injection (FDI) attacks manipulate measurement data sent to the DMS, potentially causing incorrect control actions and jeopardizing grid stability.
Correct answer is: False Data Injection attacks
Q.15 What does the abbreviation "FLISR" stand for?
Fault Location, Isolation, and Service Restoration
Frequency Load Integrated System Regulation
Future Load Integrated Smart Routing
Fixed Line Interruption Service Response
Explanation - FLISR is a core DMS application that automates detection of faults, isolates the faulted section, and restores service by reconfiguring the network.
Correct answer is: Fault Location, Isolation, and Service Restoration
Q.16 Which data model is standardized by IEC 61850 for representing power system equipment in DMS?
Logical Node (LN) model
Object‑Oriented Hierarchy (OOH) model
Relational Database Model (RDM)
Distributed Control Model (DCM)
Explanation - IEC 61850 defines Logical Nodes as standardized data containers that represent functions and attributes of power system devices, facilitating interoperable DMS communication.
Correct answer is: Logical Node (LN) model
Q.17 Which of the following is the most suitable time resolution for voltage sag detection in a DMS?
1 hour
1 minute
1 second
10 milliseconds
Explanation - Voltage sags are short‑duration events; a time resolution of 10 ms (or higher) is required to accurately detect and characterize them.
Correct answer is: 10 milliseconds
Q.18 In DMS, what is the purpose of a "Volt/VAR Control (VVC)" scheme?
To schedule maintenance crews
To coordinate the charging of electric vehicles
To regulate voltage and reactive power using capacitor banks and voltage regulators
To forecast renewable generation output
Explanation - VVC algorithms dynamically control reactive power devices to maintain voltage within limits while minimizing losses.
Correct answer is: To regulate voltage and reactive power using capacitor banks and voltage regulators
Q.19 Which of the following statements about Distributed Energy Resources (DER) integration in DMS is true?
DERs are always disconnected during peak load periods.
DMS must perform real‑time dispatch and voltage support for DERs.
DERs do not affect the operation of the distribution network.
DERs are only used for backup power and not for grid support.
Explanation - Modern DMS must actively manage DERs (e.g., PV, battery storage) to ensure they contribute to voltage regulation, frequency support, and optimal dispatch.
Correct answer is: DMS must perform real‑time dispatch and voltage support for DERs.
Q.20 Which of the following is a typical hardware component used by a DMS to implement automated switching?
Remote Terminal Unit (RTU)
Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)
Digital Protective Relay (DPR)
All of the above
Explanation - RTUs, PLCs, and digital protective relays can all be commanded by a DMS to open/close switches and perform other automated actions.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.21 Which of the following best describes the term "smart inverter" in DMS applications?
An inverter that only converts DC to AC
An inverter with communication and grid support functions like Volt/VAR control
A cheap, low‑efficiency inverter used for backup power
An inverter that operates solely in off‑grid mode
Explanation - Smart inverters can communicate with the DMS and provide ancillary services such as reactive power support, voltage regulation, and frequency response.
Correct answer is: An inverter with communication and grid support functions like Volt/VAR control
Q.22 What is the typical latency requirement for a DMS to execute a fault isolation command after fault detection?
Several minutes
1–2 seconds
10–20 milliseconds
1 hour
Explanation - Fast fault isolation is crucial for reliability; DMS must send isolation commands within 1–2 seconds of fault detection to minimize outage duration.
Correct answer is: 1–2 seconds
Q.23 Which of the following is NOT a function of Volt/VAR Optimization (VVO) in DMS?
Minimizing line losses
Improving power factor
Scheduling maintenance crew shifts
Maintaining voltage within statutory limits
Explanation - VVO focuses on electrical parameters; crew scheduling is an operational management task unrelated to VVO.
Correct answer is: Scheduling maintenance crew shifts
Q.24 In DMS, the term "state estimation" refers to:
Predicting future electricity prices
Determining the most likely voltage magnitude and phase angle at each bus based on measurements
Estimating the age of distribution assets
Calculating the carbon emissions of the grid
Explanation - State estimation uses redundant measurements and statistical techniques to infer the complete electrical state of the network.
Correct answer is: Determining the most likely voltage magnitude and phase angle at each bus based on measurements
Q.25 Which of the following is a primary advantage of integrating Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) data into DMS?
Higher resolution load data enabling more accurate load forecasting
Reduced need for protective devices
Elimination of SCADA systems
Lower capital cost of distribution lines
Explanation - AMI provides granular, time‑stamped consumption data from individual customers, which improves the accuracy of load forecasts used by DMS.
Correct answer is: Higher resolution load data enabling more accurate load forecasting
Q.26 Which of the following best defines a "microgrid" in the context of DMS?
A small-scale power system that can operate autonomously or connected to the main grid
A special type of transformer used in distribution networks
A software module for billing customers
A low‑voltage feeder line
Explanation - Microgrids consist of local generation, storage, and loads; DMS manages their interaction with the larger distribution system.
Correct answer is: A small-scale power system that can operate autonomously or connected to the main grid
Q.27 Which of the following is a typical use case for "Demand Response" (DR) managed by a DMS?
Increasing the voltage on all feeders during off‑peak hours
Temporarily reducing or shifting load during peak periods to avoid overloads
Automatically repairing damaged cables
Providing real‑time pricing information to customers
Explanation - DR programs enable the DMS to send signals to customers or DERs to curtail or shift consumption, helping balance supply and demand.
Correct answer is: Temporarily reducing or shifting load during peak periods to avoid overloads
Q.28 What is the typical sampling rate for synchrophasor (PMU) data used in distribution level DMS applications?
1 sample per hour
1 sample per minute
30 samples per second (30 Hz)
1 sample per day
Explanation - PMUs commonly provide data at 30 Hz (or higher) to capture dynamic phenomena, which is valuable for real‑time DMS analysis.
Correct answer is: 30 samples per second (30 Hz)
Q.29 Which of the following best describes a "smart switch" in a DMS environment?
A mechanical switch operated manually by field crews
A remotely controllable, communication‑enabled switch that can be opened/closed automatically
A high‑voltage circuit breaker used only in transmission
A protective relay without any communication capability
Explanation - Smart switches are equipped with communication interfaces allowing the DMS to issue control commands for reconfiguration or fault isolation.
Correct answer is: A remotely controllable, communication‑enabled switch that can be opened/closed automatically
Q.30 Which of the following is a direct benefit of implementing Volt/VAR Optimization (VVO) via DMS?
Increased customer churn
Reduced line losses and improved voltage profile
Higher frequency of transformer failures
Decreased renewable energy integration
Explanation - VVO reduces reactive power flow, leading to lower I²R losses and tighter voltage regulation across the network.
Correct answer is: Reduced line losses and improved voltage profile
Q.31 Which standard defines the communication protocol for Distributed Automation (DNP3) commonly used in DMS?
IEEE 802.11
IEC 61850
ANSI/IEC 60870‑5‑104
ISO 9001
Explanation - DNP3 over TCP/IP (IEC 60870‑5‑104) is widely used for reliable communication between field devices and DMS applications.
Correct answer is: ANSI/IEC 60870‑5‑104
Q.32 Which of the following is a key challenge when integrating electric vehicle (EV) charging stations into DMS operation?
EV chargers do not affect distribution networks
Unpredictable and fast‑rising load demand
EVs produce excess power that must be stored
EVs cannot communicate with the DMS
Explanation - EV charging can create rapid, high‑power demand spikes; DMS must manage these to avoid overloading feeders and maintain voltage stability.
Correct answer is: Unpredictable and fast‑rising load demand
Q.33 What does the term "Load Shedding" refer to in DMS operation?
Increasing the load to match generation
Deliberately disconnecting non‑critical loads to maintain system stability
Shedding insulation from cables
Providing free electricity during emergencies
Explanation - Load shedding is a controlled process used by DMS to reduce demand when supply is insufficient or to protect equipment.
Correct answer is: Deliberately disconnecting non‑critical loads to maintain system stability
Q.34 Which type of diagram is most commonly used in DMS software to visualize the network topology?
Single line diagram (SLD)
Bar chart
P&ID (Piping & Instrumentation Diagram)
Gantt chart
Explanation - SLDs provide a simplified representation of electrical elements and connections, making them ideal for DMS visualization and analysis.
Correct answer is: Single line diagram (SLD)
Q.35 In DMS, what is the primary role of a "load tap changer" (LTC)?
To switch circuits on and off
To adjust transformer turns ratio for voltage regulation
To measure current flow
To protect against short circuits
Explanation - LTCs modify the effective turns ratio of a transformer, allowing fine voltage adjustments in response to load changes.
Correct answer is: To adjust transformer turns ratio for voltage regulation
Q.36 Which of the following best explains why a DMS needs a "historical database"?
To store employee records
To archive past measurement data for trend analysis and model validation
To keep a list of vendor contracts
To monitor weather forecasts
Explanation - Historical data allows the DMS to perform load forecasting, detect abnormal patterns, and validate simulation models.
Correct answer is: To archive past measurement data for trend analysis and model validation
Q.37 Which of the following is a typical method used by DMS for voltage regulation on long radial feeders?
Installing additional generation units at the end of the feeder
Deploying series capacitors along the line
Using voltage regulators and capacitor banks at strategic points
Increasing the line resistance
Explanation - Voltage regulators and capacitor banks are placed to compensate for voltage drop and reactive power demand along the feeder.
Correct answer is: Using voltage regulators and capacitor banks at strategic points
Q.38 What is the effect of a high power factor (close to 1) on the distribution network?
Increases line losses
Reduces reactive power flow and improves system efficiency
Causes over‑voltage conditions
Creates harmonics
Explanation - A high power factor indicates that most of the power is real power, minimizing unnecessary reactive current and associated losses.
Correct answer is: Reduces reactive power flow and improves system efficiency
Q.39 Which of the following is a primary input for the DMS to calculate optimal feeder reconfiguration?
Customer satisfaction surveys
Real‑time switch status and load measurements
Historical billing data
Number of employees in the utility
Explanation - Accurate switch positions and load levels are essential for the DMS to evaluate different network configurations and select the best one.
Correct answer is: Real‑time switch status and load measurements
Q.40 Which of the following is a benefit of implementing a DMS‑based "Peak Shaving" strategy?
Higher peak demand charges
Reduced need for expensive peaking generators
Increased line losses
More frequent outages
Explanation - Peak shaving flattens demand curves, allowing utilities to defer or avoid operating costly peaking plants.
Correct answer is: Reduced need for expensive peaking generators
Q.41 In DMS, what does the term "radial feeder" refer to?
A looped network with multiple power sources
A single‑ended, tree‑like distribution line that originates from a substation
A high‑voltage transmission line
A communication cable for data transmission
Explanation - Radial feeders have a simple topology where power flows in one direction from the source to the end loads.
Correct answer is: A single‑ended, tree‑like distribution line that originates from a substation
Q.42 Which of the following best describes "harmonic distortion" in a distribution network?
A change in the frequency of the system
Non‑sinusoidal waveforms caused by nonlinear loads
A sudden drop in voltage
A type of protective relay
Explanation - Harmonics are integer multiples of the fundamental frequency that arise from devices like converters and cause waveform distortion.
Correct answer is: Non‑sinusoidal waveforms caused by nonlinear loads
Q.43 Which of the following technologies enables a DMS to predict future load using past consumption patterns?
Artificial Neural Networks (ANN)
Thermal imaging cameras
Magnetometers
Laser scanners
Explanation - ANNs are widely used for load forecasting due to their ability to capture complex, nonlinear relationships in historical data.
Correct answer is: Artificial Neural Networks (ANN)
Q.44 What is the typical voltage level for a primary distribution feeder in a medium‑voltage system?
13.8 kV
415 V
138 kV
4.16 kV
Explanation - Medium‑voltage distribution feeders commonly operate at 13.2 kV, 13.8 kV, or similar levels, depending on regional standards.
Correct answer is: 13.8 kV
Q.45 Which of the following is a common metric for evaluating the effectiveness of a DMS‑based load balancing scheme?
Customer churn rate
Line loading index (LLI)
Number of smart meters installed
Average billing cycle length
Explanation - LLI indicates how heavily a line is loaded relative to its thermal rating; lower LLI after balancing shows improved distribution utilization.
Correct answer is: Line loading index (LLI)
Q.46 Which of the following is a typical function of a DMS during a major storm event?
Increasing the tariff for all customers
Coordinating automatic reclosers and sending crew dispatch information
Turning off all renewable generators
Disabling all communication links
Explanation - During storms, DMS helps to automate fault clearing via reclosers and provides situational awareness for crew dispatch.
Correct answer is: Coordinating automatic reclosers and sending crew dispatch information
Q.47 Which of the following best defines "State Estimation" accuracy in a DMS?
The speed at which the DMS can display a diagram
The difference between estimated and actual bus voltages and angles
The number of customers served by the utility
The amount of data stored in the database
Explanation - Accuracy is measured by the error between estimated state variables (voltage magnitude/angle) and the true system state.
Correct answer is: The difference between estimated and actual bus voltages and angles
Q.48 Which of the following is the most appropriate way for a DMS to handle a high penetration of rooftop solar PV?
Ignore the PV output and treat it as a constant load
Use real‑time PV generation data to adjust voltage control and manage reverse power flow
Disconnect all PV systems during the day
Increase the size of distribution transformers
Explanation - Accurate PV data enables the DMS to perform voltage regulation and prevent over‑voltage or reverse power flow issues.
Correct answer is: Use real‑time PV generation data to adjust voltage control and manage reverse power flow
Q.49 Which of the following is a key factor influencing the design of a DMS communication network?
The color of the utility trucks
Latency, bandwidth, and reliability requirements
Number of employees in the control center
Length of the power lines
Explanation - Communication networks must meet specific performance criteria to support real‑time DMS operations.
Correct answer is: Latency, bandwidth, and reliability requirements
Q.50 What is the primary purpose of a "load break switch" in a distribution network?
To protect against over‑current faults only
To enable safe interruption of load current without breaking fault current
To increase the voltage level of the feeder
To measure power quality
Explanation - Load break switches are designed to safely open circuits under normal load conditions but are not intended for fault interruption.
Correct answer is: To enable safe interruption of load current without breaking fault current
Q.51 Which of the following is an example of a "soft" fault that a DMS may need to detect?
A line-to-ground short circuit
A sudden voltage sag caused by motor start‑up
A broken pole causing a complete outage
A transformer fire
Explanation - Soft faults are temporary disturbances, such as voltage sags, that do not involve permanent damage but affect power quality.
Correct answer is: A sudden voltage sag caused by motor start‑up
Q.52 Which of the following best describes the concept of "distributed generation" (DG) in DMS context?
Generation located far from the load center
Small‑scale generation units located close to the point of consumption
Large nuclear power plants
Power generation only on offshore platforms
Explanation - DG includes rooftop solar, small wind turbines, and micro‑turbines that are integrated near loads, requiring DMS coordination.
Correct answer is: Small‑scale generation units located close to the point of consumption
Q.53 Which of the following is a typical use of "contingency analysis" in a DMS?
Evaluating the impact of losing a line or transformer on system reliability
Calculating customer billing cycles
Scheduling maintenance staff vacations
Designing new marketing campaigns
Explanation - Contingency analysis simulates outages of network elements to assess the system’s ability to withstand disturbances.
Correct answer is: Evaluating the impact of losing a line or transformer on system reliability
Q.54 In DMS, which of the following devices is primarily used to limit the fault current contribution from distributed generation?
Current Limiting Reactor (CLR)
Voltage Regulator
Load Tap Changer
Smart Meter
Explanation - CLRs add impedance in series with DG inverters to restrict the magnitude of fault currents supplied to the network.
Correct answer is: Current Limiting Reactor (CLR)
Q.55 Which of the following best describes a "networked" DMS architecture?
All processing occurs in a single central server
Processing is distributed across multiple servers and field devices with communication links
Only manual controls are used
The DMS operates without any data storage
Explanation - Networked architecture leverages distributed computation to improve scalability and resilience of DMS functions.
Correct answer is: Processing is distributed across multiple servers and field devices with communication links
Q.56 Which of the following is a typical data format for exchanging information between DMS and GIS?
CIF (Common Interchange Format)
XML (eXtensible Markup Language)
CSV (Comma Separated Values)
All of the above
Explanation - GIS‑DMS integration often uses flexible formats such as XML, CSV, or specialized CIF files to exchange topology and asset data.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.57 What is the role of a "protective relay" in a DMS‑controlled distribution network?
To measure temperature of transformers
To detect abnormal conditions and send trip commands to circuit breakers
To generate billing statements
To provide Wi‑Fi connectivity to customers
Explanation - Protective relays monitor electrical parameters and initiate protective actions to isolate faults, often under DMS supervision.
Correct answer is: To detect abnormal conditions and send trip commands to circuit breakers
Q.58 Which of the following is a typical benefit of implementing a DMS‑based "Volt/VAR Optimization" program?
Higher carbon emissions
Increased line loading and voltage violations
Reduced energy losses and improved voltage profile
More frequent equipment failures
Explanation - VVO reduces reactive power flow, which cuts losses and keeps voltages within regulatory limits.
Correct answer is: Reduced energy losses and improved voltage profile
Q.59 Which of the following best describes the concept of "Smart Grid" as it relates to DMS?
A grid that only uses fossil fuels
A grid that integrates advanced communication, automation, and control to improve reliability and efficiency
A grid with no sensors or communication devices
A grid that does not allow any customer interaction
Explanation - Smart grids combine ICT, automation (including DMS), and distributed resources to create a more resilient and efficient power system.
Correct answer is: A grid that integrates advanced communication, automation, and control to improve reliability and efficiency
Q.60 Which of the following is NOT typically a DMS output used by field crews?
Switch operation schedule
Real‑time fault location map
Customer payment reminders
Recommended restoration actions
Explanation - DMS provides operational data; billing reminders are generated by the customer information system, not the DMS.
Correct answer is: Customer payment reminders
Q.61 Which of the following is a common method for a DMS to detect a voltage sag?
Analyzing RMS voltage over a 1‑second window and comparing to a threshold
Measuring current only
Checking the number of customers connected
Monitoring transformer oil temperature
Explanation - Voltage sags are identified by comparing short‑term RMS voltage values to preset limits (e.g., 0.9 pu for 0.5 s).
Correct answer is: Analyzing RMS voltage over a 1‑second window and comparing to a threshold
Q.62 Which of the following best describes the term "load flow" in DMS analysis?
The movement of customers between billing cycles
The calculation of voltage, current, and power in the network under steady‑state conditions
The process of installing new meters
The physical flow of water in a hydro plant
Explanation - Load flow (or power flow) analysis determines the steady‑state operating point of the electrical network.
Correct answer is: The calculation of voltage, current, and power in the network under steady‑state conditions
Q.63 Which of the following is a typical action taken by a DMS after identifying an overload on a feeder?
Increase the tariff for the affected customers
Reconfigure the network by opening/closing switches to redistribute load
Shut down the entire distribution system
Ignore the overload and wait for it to resolve itself
Explanation - DMS can propose or automatically execute feeder reconfiguration to relieve overloads and maintain reliability.
Correct answer is: Reconfigure the network by opening/closing switches to redistribute load
Q.64 Which of the following devices provides the most accurate real‑time measurement of current flow for DMS monitoring?
Current transformer (CT) with analog meter
Hall‑effect sensor with digital output
Shunt resistor with low resolution
Electromechanical relay
Explanation - Hall‑effect sensors deliver precise, high‑resolution digital current data suitable for DMS applications.
Correct answer is: Hall‑effect sensor with digital output
Q.65 Which of the following is a typical performance metric for evaluating the speed of a DMS fault restoration process?
Average Customer Satisfaction Score
Restoration Time Index (RTI)
Number of Smart Meters Deployed
Annual Revenue Growth
Explanation - RTI measures the average time taken to restore service after a fault, reflecting DMS effectiveness in rapid restoration.
Correct answer is: Restoration Time Index (RTI)
Q.66 In a DMS, which of the following is the most appropriate method to handle a sudden large increase in load due to a heatwave?
Ignore the load increase
Activate demand response programs and adjust voltage regulation settings
Turn off all renewable generation
Increase the tariff immediately
Explanation - Demand response can curtail non‑critical loads, while voltage regulation maintains acceptable voltage levels during high demand.
Correct answer is: Activate demand response programs and adjust voltage regulation settings
Q.67 Which of the following best describes the function of an "Automatic Recloser" in a DMS‑controlled network?
A device that permanently disconnects a faulty line
A switch that automatically attempts to close after a temporary fault, reducing outage duration
A meter that records energy consumption
A transformer that steps down voltage
Explanation - Automatic reclosers detect temporary faults (e.g., lightning) and reclose after a preset delay, often coordinated by DMS.
Correct answer is: A switch that automatically attempts to close after a temporary fault, reducing outage duration
Q.68 Which of the following is a common reason for voltage rise on a distribution feeder during low load conditions?
Increased line resistance
Capacitive reactive power injection from underground cables
Higher transformer tap settings
Presence of large induction motors
Explanation - Underground cables have capacitance that can cause voltage rise when load is light, requiring DMS voltage regulation.
Correct answer is: Capacitive reactive power injection from underground cables
Q.69 Which of the following is the most suitable data source for DMS to perform real‑time outage detection?
Historical billing data
SCADA alarms and status signals
Customer satisfaction surveys
Annual maintenance reports
Explanation - SCADA provides immediate status of switches, breakers, and fault indicators, enabling fast outage detection.
Correct answer is: SCADA alarms and status signals
Q.70 Which of the following best explains why DMS uses "contingency ranking"?
To prioritize which faults to repair first based on severity and impact
To assign billing rates to customers
To decide which employees receive bonuses
To schedule social events for the utility
Explanation - Contingency ranking helps the DMS and operators focus on the most critical disturbances for quick restoration.
Correct answer is: To prioritize which faults to repair first based on severity and impact
Q.71 Which of the following is a typical component of a DMS user interface?
Map‑based network visualization
3‑D video game rendering engine
Social media feed
Word processor
Explanation - A GIS‑enabled map view allows operators to see the real‑time status of assets and their geographic locations.
Correct answer is: Map‑based network visualization
Q.72 What is the primary advantage of using a "cloud‑based" DMS solution?
Eliminates the need for any cybersecurity measures
Provides scalability, easier updates, and remote accessibility
Guarantees zero latency in communications
Reduces the need for any field devices
Explanation - Cloud platforms allow utilities to expand resources, receive automatic software updates, and access the system from anywhere, though security remains essential.
Correct answer is: Provides scalability, easier updates, and remote accessibility
Q.73 Which of the following is a key challenge when implementing a DMS in a rural distribution network?
High density of smart meters
Limited communication infrastructure and longer feeder lengths
Abundance of renewable energy sources
Frequent high‑rise buildings
Explanation - Rural areas often lack robust communication networks, making real‑time data collection and control more difficult for DMS.
Correct answer is: Limited communication infrastructure and longer feeder lengths
Q.74 Which of the following best describes "load profiling" in DMS applications?
Creating a visual picture of customers' facial expressions
Analyzing the temporal pattern of electricity consumption for different customer categories
Measuring the weight of distribution transformers
Counting the number of poles in a feeder
Explanation - Load profiling helps DMS to predict demand and tailor control strategies for residential, commercial, and industrial loads.
Correct answer is: Analyzing the temporal pattern of electricity consumption for different customer categories
Q.75 Which of the following is a typical reason for a DMS to recommend a "tap change" on a distribution transformer?
To reduce the number of customers served
To maintain voltage levels within acceptable limits as load varies
To increase the transformer’s temperature
To disconnect the transformer permanently
Explanation - Tap changes adjust the transformer's voltage ratio, helping keep downstream voltages within statutory bounds.
Correct answer is: To maintain voltage levels within acceptable limits as load varies
Q.76 Which of the following best explains why DMS may use "predictive analytics"?
To forecast future network conditions and proactively mitigate problems
To calculate employee salaries
To generate random numbers for games
To print hard copies of bills
Explanation - Predictive analytics leverages historical and real‑time data to anticipate events like overloads or faults, allowing preemptive actions.
Correct answer is: To forecast future network conditions and proactively mitigate problems
Q.77 In DMS, which of the following is the most appropriate metric to evaluate the success of a demand response event?
Total energy curtailed (MWh) during the event
Number of smart meters installed
Length of the feeder line
Voltage magnitude at the substation
Explanation - The amount of load reduced during a demand response event directly measures its effectiveness.
Correct answer is: Total energy curtailed (MWh) during the event
Q.78 Which of the following best describes the term "bidirectional power flow" in a modern distribution network?
Power flowing only from the substation to customers
Power flowing only from customers to the substation
Power can flow both from the utility to customers and from customers (e.g., PV) back to the grid
Power flowing in a circular loop without any source
Explanation - With DERs, electricity can be injected into the distribution system, creating bidirectional flows that DMS must manage.
Correct answer is: Power can flow both from the utility to customers and from customers (e.g., PV) back to the grid
Q.79 Which of the following is a typical feature of a DMS that supports "microgrid islanding"?
Automatic detection of islanding conditions and control of local generation to balance load
Turning off all DERs in the microgrid
Increasing the voltage of the main grid
Disabling communication links to the main control center
Explanation - A DMS can detect when a microgrid has become electrically isolated and then manage local resources to maintain stable operation.
Correct answer is: Automatic detection of islanding conditions and control of local generation to balance load
Q.80 Which of the following is the most common type of sensor used by DMS to monitor line temperature?
Infrared thermometer
Fiber‑optic temperature sensor
Thermocouple attached to the conductor
Heat‑sensing camera
Explanation - Fiber‑optic sensors can be installed along conductors to provide continuous temperature monitoring without electrical interference.
Correct answer is: Fiber‑optic temperature sensor
Q.81 What is the typical function of a "Volt‑VAr Controller" (VVC) in a DMS‑enabled feeder?
To schedule maintenance crews
To dynamically adjust reactive power output of smart inverters and capacitor banks
To calculate customer bills
To monitor weather conditions
Explanation - VVC devices modulate VAR support to keep voltage within limits while optimizing losses.
Correct answer is: To dynamically adjust reactive power output of smart inverters and capacitor banks
Q.82 Which of the following best defines "grid resiliency" in the context of DMS?
The ability of the grid to generate more power than demand at all times
The capability of the grid to withstand and quickly recover from disturbances
The amount of money a utility makes each year
The number of customers connected to the grid
Explanation - Resiliency refers to the grid's strength in handling events like storms, cyber‑attacks, or equipment failures, with DMS playing a crucial role in rapid response.
Correct answer is: The capability of the grid to withstand and quickly recover from disturbances
Q.83 Which of the following is a typical input for a DMS to perform "Volt/VAR Optimization" (VVO)?
Real‑time voltage measurements from smart meters and PMUs
Customer names and addresses
Historical weather data only
Employee work schedules
Explanation - Accurate voltage data is required for VVO algorithms to determine optimal reactive power dispatch.
Correct answer is: Real‑time voltage measurements from smart meters and PMUs
Q.84 Which of the following is a common method for a DMS to detect a "line overload" condition?
Comparing real‑time current measurements to the thermal rating of the conductor
Measuring the length of the line with a tape measure
Counting the number of customers on the line
Checking the color of the line insulation
Explanation - Overload detection involves monitoring current flow and ensuring it stays below the conductor's rated capacity.
Correct answer is: Comparing real‑time current measurements to the thermal rating of the conductor
Q.85 Which of the following best describes a "grid‑interactive" building in relation to DMS?
A building that never uses electricity
A building equipped with controllable loads and DERs that can respond to DMS signals
A building that only consumes electricity from the grid
A building that is isolated from the grid at all times
Explanation - Grid‑interactive buildings can adjust consumption or generation in response to DMS commands, aiding demand response and voltage control.
Correct answer is: A building equipped with controllable loads and DERs that can respond to DMS signals
Q.86 Which of the following is an advantage of using "edge computing" in a DMS architecture?
All data must be sent to a central server for processing
Reduced latency by processing data close to the source
Elimination of the need for any communication network
Increased reliance on manual operator actions
Explanation - Edge computing processes data at or near field devices, decreasing communication delays and improving real‑time response.
Correct answer is: Reduced latency by processing data close to the source
Q.87 Which of the following is a typical output of a DMS "contingency analysis" when a critical line is out of service?
A suggestion to increase the tariff for all customers
A list of alternative feeder paths and the expected loading on each
A recommendation to shut down the entire grid
A schedule for employee vacations
Explanation - Contingency analysis provides operators with reconfiguration options and their impact on loading and voltage.
Correct answer is: A list of alternative feeder paths and the expected loading on each
Q.88 Which of the following is a primary reason for incorporating "weather data" into DMS forecasts?
Weather has no effect on electricity consumption
Weather influences load (e.g., heating/cooling) and renewable generation output
Weather determines the color of utility trucks
Weather data is used to calculate employee overtime
Explanation - Temperature, wind, and solar irradiance affect both demand and generation, improving the accuracy of DMS forecasts.
Correct answer is: Weather influences load (e.g., heating/cooling) and renewable generation output
Q.89 Which of the following best defines "SCADA" in the context of DMS?
A system that provides real‑time data acquisition and control for the power network
A software for editing videos
A type of renewable energy source
A customer relationship management tool
Explanation - SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) collects telemetry and allows operators to control field devices, serving as a backbone for DMS.
Correct answer is: A system that provides real‑time data acquisition and control for the power network
Q.90 Which of the following is a typical DMS function related to "power quality"?
Detecting and mitigating voltage sags, swells, and harmonics
Increasing the length of distribution lines
Reducing the number of smart meters
Changing the color of the utility logo
Explanation - Power quality management involves monitoring and correcting disturbances that affect the quality of supply.
Correct answer is: Detecting and mitigating voltage sags, swells, and harmonics
Q.91 Which of the following best describes the purpose of a "distribution automation" (DA) system within DMS?
To automate billing processes
To enable remote, automated control of switches, voltage regulators, and other devices for faster response
To schedule employee lunches
To provide entertainment to customers
Explanation - DA extends DMS capabilities by providing automatic, remote actuation of field devices, improving reliability and efficiency.
Correct answer is: To enable remote, automated control of switches, voltage regulators, and other devices for faster response
Q.92 Which of the following is a typical method for a DMS to reduce feeder losses?
Increasing the length of the feeder
Deploying voltage regulation and capacitor banks to improve power factor
Turning off all protective relays
Reducing the number of customers
Explanation - Improving power factor reduces reactive current, which in turn lowers I²R losses in the feeder.
Correct answer is: Deploying voltage regulation and capacitor banks to improve power factor
Q.93 Which of the following is a common data exchange standard between a DMS and external market platforms for demand response?
OpenADR (Open Automated Demand Response)
ISO 9001
IEEE 802.3
MPEG‑4
Explanation - OpenADR provides a standardized protocol for sending demand response signals between utilities, DMS, and customers.
Correct answer is: OpenADR (Open Automated Demand Response)
Q.94 Which of the following best explains why DMS must consider "neutral conductor loading" in three‑phase networks?
Neutral loading affects the balance and can cause voltage rise in the neutral point
Neutral conductors are used for data communication only
Neutral loading has no impact on the system
Neutral conductors are always grounded at every point
Explanation - Imbalanced loads cause neutral current, and excessive neutral loading can lead to voltage drift and protection issues.
Correct answer is: Neutral loading affects the balance and can cause voltage rise in the neutral point
Q.95 Which of the following is an example of a "critical infrastructure" component that a DMS must protect?
Substation transformer
Office coffee machine
Company logo
Employee parking lot
Explanation - Transformers are vital assets; DMS must monitor and protect them against overloads, faults, and temperature rise.
Correct answer is: Substation transformer
Q.96 Which of the following best describes "load shedding" as a DMS strategy during an emergency?
Increasing the voltage on all feeders
Intentionally disconnecting non‑essential loads to preserve system stability
Providing free electricity to all customers
Installing new lines instantly
Explanation - Load shedding reduces overall demand to keep the system within safe operating limits during emergencies.
Correct answer is: Intentionally disconnecting non‑essential loads to preserve system stability
Q.97 Which of the following is a typical output of a DMS "voltage profile analysis"?
A list of customers with overdue bills
A plot of voltage magnitude versus distance along the feeder
A map of underground water pipes
A schedule for tree trimming
Explanation - Voltage profile analysis visualizes how voltage varies along a feeder, helping to identify areas needing regulation.
Correct answer is: A plot of voltage magnitude versus distance along the feeder
Q.98 Which of the following best defines "reactive power" (VAR) in an electrical distribution system?
Power that performs real work like turning motors
Power that does not transfer energy but supports magnetic fields in inductive loads
Power generated by solar panels only
Power measured in kilowatt‑hours (kWh)
Explanation - Reactive power (measured in VAR) is essential for maintaining voltage levels but does not do real work.
Correct answer is: Power that does not transfer energy but supports magnetic fields in inductive loads
Q.99 Which of the following is a typical DMS response when a capacitor bank fails?
Automatically increase the feeder voltage by opening the switch
Issue an alarm and optionally reconfigure the network to compensate for lost reactive support
Ignore the failure completely
Shut down the entire distribution system
Explanation - The DMS alerts operators and may adjust other voltage regulation devices to maintain voltage quality.
Correct answer is: Issue an alarm and optionally reconfigure the network to compensate for lost reactive support
Q.100 Which of the following is a key factor influencing the selection of a communication technology for DMS (e.g., fiber, wireless, PLC)?
Color of the utility's logo
Bandwidth, latency, reliability, and cost
Number of employees in the control center
Length of the utility's name
Explanation - These technical and economic factors determine the suitability of the communication medium for real‑time DMS operations.
Correct answer is: Bandwidth, latency, reliability, and cost
Q.101 Which of the following is a common use of "historical outage data" in a DMS?
To predict future outage locations and improve preventive maintenance
To calculate customer birthdays
To design new office furniture
To choose the utility's mascot
Explanation - Analyzing past outages helps DMS identify weak points and schedule targeted maintenance.
Correct answer is: To predict future outage locations and improve preventive maintenance
Q.102 Which of the following best explains why a DMS might use "load forecasting" for the next 24 hours?
To decide the menu for the cafeteria
To schedule generation, plan voltage control, and prevent overloads
To determine the color of the utility trucks
To select the best TV channel for employees
Explanation - Accurate short‑term load forecasts enable the DMS to optimize resources and maintain reliability.
Correct answer is: To schedule generation, plan voltage control, and prevent overloads
Q.103 Which of the following is a typical DMS capability to support "electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure"?
Dynamic load management to avoid overloading feeders during peak EV charging
Turning off all EV chargers at night
Increasing the price of electricity for EV owners only
Disabling communication with EV chargers
Explanation - DMS can monitor and control EV charging loads, possibly curtailing or shifting charging to maintain network health.
Correct answer is: Dynamic load management to avoid overloading feeders during peak EV charging
Q.104 Which of the following is a common method for DMS to improve voltage regulation on a long feeder with high load variability?
Installing additional voltage regulators and capacitor banks at strategic locations
Removing all protective devices
Increasing the feeder length
Turning off all customers
Explanation - Strategically placed voltage regulation equipment compensates for voltage drops caused by load changes.
Correct answer is: Installing additional voltage regulators and capacitor banks at strategic locations
Q.105 Which of the following best describes "advanced distribution management system" (ADMS) compared to a basic DMS?
ADMS includes additional capabilities such as DER integration, advanced analytics, and enhanced visualization
ADMS removes all automation functions
ADMS is only used for billing purposes
ADMS eliminates the need for any communication infrastructure
Explanation - ADMS extends DMS functionality with more sophisticated tools for modern grid operation.
Correct answer is: ADMS includes additional capabilities such as DER integration, advanced analytics, and enhanced visualization
Q.106 Which of the following is a typical DMS approach to mitigate "voltage unbalance" in a three‑phase system?
Balancing loads across phases and using phase‑balancing switches or reactors
Increasing the temperature of conductors
Turning off all loads on one phase
Reducing the length of the neutral conductor
Explanation - Load balancing and phase‑balancing devices help reduce voltage unbalance, improving power quality.
Correct answer is: Balancing loads across phases and using phase‑balancing switches or reactors
Q.107 Which of the following is a typical output metric for DMS‑driven "peak shaving"?
Maximum load reduction (MW) achieved during peak periods
Number of new customers added
Length of the distribution lines
Average temperature of transformers
Explanation - Peak shaving performance is measured by how much the DMS reduces the highest demand values.
Correct answer is: Maximum load reduction (MW) achieved during peak periods
Q.108 Which of the following best describes the role of "distributed generation forecast" in DMS operation?
Predicting the output of DERs (e.g., solar PV) to adjust voltage control and dispatch
Estimating the number of employees needed in the field
Forecasting the price of oil for generators
Calculating the weight of distribution cables
Explanation - Accurate DER forecasts allow DMS to proactively manage voltage and power flow, preventing over‑voltage or reverse power flow.
Correct answer is: Predicting the output of DERs (e.g., solar PV) to adjust voltage control and dispatch
Q.109 Which of the following is a common DMS technique to improve reliability after a fault on a feeder?
Automatic reconfiguration to isolate the faulted section and restore service to unaffected customers
Turning off the entire grid
Increasing the voltage on the faulted line
Removing all protective relays
Explanation - Reconfiguration isolates the fault and re‑routes power, minimizing the number of affected customers.
Correct answer is: Automatic reconfiguration to isolate the faulted section and restore service to unaffected customers
Q.110 Which of the following best explains why "load diversity" is important for DMS planning?
It reduces the total number of customers
It reflects that not all customers consume maximum load simultaneously, allowing better capacity planning
It determines the color of the utility's logo
It sets the schedule for employee lunch breaks
Explanation - Load diversity reduces the peak demand seen by the system, enabling more efficient asset utilization.
Correct answer is: It reflects that not all customers consume maximum load simultaneously, allowing better capacity planning
Q.111 Which of the following is a typical DMS feature that supports "real‑time visualization" of network status?
Dynamic GIS‑based maps showing live switch positions, alarms, and voltage levels
Static paper drawings updated monthly
Audio recordings of field crew conversations
Printed invoices mailed to customers
Explanation - Real‑time GIS visualization provides operators with a clear picture of current network conditions.
Correct answer is: Dynamic GIS‑based maps showing live switch positions, alarms, and voltage levels
Q.112 Which of the following best defines "power factor correction" in DMS?
Adding or removing reactive power sources (e.g., capacitors) to bring power factor closer to unity
Increasing the number of customers
Changing the color of the utility's trucks
Reducing the length of transmission lines
Explanation - Power factor correction reduces reactive power flow, improving efficiency and reducing losses.
Correct answer is: Adding or removing reactive power sources (e.g., capacitors) to bring power factor closer to unity
Q.113 Which of the following is a common reason for a DMS to trigger a "load transfer" operation?
To balance loads between feeders and avoid overloading any single feeder
To increase the number of customers on a single feeder
To decrease the voltage on the substation
To change the color of the utility's uniforms
Explanation - Load transfer redistributes demand across multiple feeders, enhancing reliability and reducing congestion.
Correct answer is: To balance loads between feeders and avoid overloading any single feeder
Q.114 Which of the following is a typical DMS output used for "post‑event analysis" after a major outage?
Timeline of fault occurrence, isolation actions, restoration steps, and outage durations
List of employee birthdays
Weather forecast for the next week
Number of social media followers
Explanation - Post‑event analysis helps utilities understand response effectiveness and improve future procedures.
Correct answer is: Timeline of fault occurrence, isolation actions, restoration steps, and outage durations
Q.115 Which of the following best describes the term "grid edge" in modern power systems?
The outermost part of the transmission network
The interface where the distribution network connects with end‑users, DERs, and IoT devices
A special type of transformer
A decorative border on utility maps
Explanation - The grid edge encompasses the part of the system where customers, DERs, and smart devices interact with the utility.
Correct answer is: The interface where the distribution network connects with end‑users, DERs, and IoT devices
Q.116 Which of the following is a typical DMS approach to handle "harmonic distortion" caused by nonlinear loads?
Installing active or passive harmonic filters
Increasing the length of the distribution line
Turning off all lights
Changing the utility’s logo
Explanation - Harmonic filters mitigate distortion, protecting equipment and improving power quality.
Correct answer is: Installing active or passive harmonic filters
Q.117 Which of the following best describes "load prioritization" in a DMS during a constrained supply situation?
Assigning higher importance to critical loads (e.g., hospitals) and shedding non‑critical loads first
Increasing tariffs for all customers
Shutting down the entire network
Randomly disconnecting customers
Explanation - Prioritization ensures essential services remain powered while less critical loads are curtailed.
Correct answer is: Assigning higher importance to critical loads (e.g., hospitals) and shedding non‑critical loads first
Q.118 Which of the following is a typical DMS functionality that supports "renewable energy curtailment" when grid constraints arise?
Sending control signals to reduce output from solar or wind farms
Increasing the tariff for renewable customers
Removing all renewable generators from the grid permanently
Changing the color of solar panels
Explanation - Curtailment commands allow the DMS to limit renewable generation to maintain system stability during overloads or voltage issues.
Correct answer is: Sending control signals to reduce output from solar or wind farms
Q.119 Which of the following best describes "state estimation confidence level" in DMS?
A metric indicating the statistical reliability of the estimated system state based on measurement redundancy
The number of employees in the control center
The brightness of the control room lighting
The amount of coffee consumed by operators
Explanation - Higher confidence levels mean the estimated voltages and angles are more trustworthy, guiding better control decisions.
Correct answer is: A metric indicating the statistical reliability of the estimated system state based on measurement redundancy
Q.120 Which of the following is a common DMS response when a feeder reaches its thermal limit?
Activate load shedding or reconfigure the network to reduce loading on that feeder
Increase the voltage to the feeder
Ignore the overload and continue operation
Turn off all street lights in the area
Explanation - To protect equipment, DMS may shed load or change topology to bring the feeder load below its thermal rating.
Correct answer is: Activate load shedding or reconfigure the network to reduce loading on that feeder
Q.121 Which of the following is an example of a "smart inverter" feature that DMS can utilize?
Volt/VAR control capability to provide reactive power support
Only converting DC to AC without communication
Fixed output voltage regardless of grid conditions
Operating only during nighttime
Explanation - Smart inverters can adjust reactive power output on command from the DMS, aiding voltage regulation.
Correct answer is: Volt/VAR control capability to provide reactive power support
Q.122 Which of the following best defines "distributed automation" (DA) in the context of DMS?
The ability to remotely and automatically control distribution assets (e.g., switches, regulators) to improve reliability and efficiency
Manual switching performed by field crews only
A marketing campaign for new products
A process of printing paper bills
Explanation - DA extends DMS by enabling automatic field device actuation, reducing response times.
Correct answer is: The ability to remotely and automatically control distribution assets (e.g., switches, regulators) to improve reliability and efficiency
Q.123 Which of the following is a typical DMS metric for assessing "energy loss reduction" after VVO implementation?
Percentage decrease in I²R losses compared to baseline
Number of customers served
Length of the distribution lines
Average temperature of transformers
Explanation - Loss reduction is measured by comparing the total resistive losses before and after VVO actions.
Correct answer is: Percentage decrease in I²R losses compared to baseline
Q.124 Which of the following best describes the term "grid‑scale battery" in DMS operations?
A large energy storage system that can provide or absorb power to aid in balancing and voltage support
A small battery in a handheld device
A battery used only for backup lighting
A battery that powers only electric vehicles
Explanation - Grid‑scale batteries can be dispatched by DMS to smooth demand, provide ancillary services, and support voltage.
Correct answer is: A large energy storage system that can provide or absorb power to aid in balancing and voltage support
Q.125 Which of the following is a typical DMS output used for "maintenance planning"?
Identification of assets operating near their limits or showing abnormal trends, prompting proactive maintenance
List of customer birthdays
Color scheme for utility trucks
Menu for the staff cafeteria
Explanation - DMS analytics can flag equipment that may need attention before a failure occurs.
Correct answer is: Identification of assets operating near their limits or showing abnormal trends, prompting proactive maintenance
Q.126 Which of the following best explains why "latency" is critical for DMS‑controlled fault isolation?
Higher latency delays the execution of isolation commands, prolonging outage duration
Latency determines the color of the utility's logo
Latency has no impact on fault isolation
Low latency increases the amount of energy consumption
Explanation - Fast communication ensures that isolation and restoration actions happen quickly, minimizing customer impact.
Correct answer is: Higher latency delays the execution of isolation commands, prolonging outage duration
Q.127 Which of the following is a typical DMS feature for "real‑time outage management"?
Automatic detection of faulted sections, generation of outage tickets, and estimation of restoration times
Sending marketing emails to customers
Printing paper maps for field crews
Changing the color of street lights
Explanation - Outage management systems integrated with DMS automate fault detection, ticket creation, and restoration planning.
Correct answer is: Automatic detection of faulted sections, generation of outage tickets, and estimation of restoration times