Q.1 What is the primary goal of a Smart Grid compared to a conventional power grid?
To increase the number of power plants
To provide real‑time information for efficient operation
To eliminate all power outages
To reduce the use of electricity by consumers
Explanation - A Smart Grid uses advanced communication and control technologies to gather real‑time data, enabling better coordination of generation, transmission, and consumption for efficiency.
Correct answer is: To provide real‑time information for efficient operation
Q.2 Which of the following devices is commonly used to measure power consumption at the consumer level in a Smart Grid?
Thermocouple
Smart Meter
Pressure Gauge
Voltage Regulator
Explanation - Smart meters record energy usage in real time and communicate it to the utility for billing and demand response.
Correct answer is: Smart Meter
Q.3 Demand Response (DR) programs are designed to:
Increase the production of renewable energy
Reduce electricity demand during peak periods
Install more power lines
Monitor water usage
Explanation - DR encourages consumers to shift or reduce usage when the grid is stressed, helping balance supply and demand.
Correct answer is: Reduce electricity demand during peak periods
Q.4 Which communication protocol is widely used in Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) for Smart Meter data exchange?
HTTP
ZigBee
SMTP
FTP
Explanation - ZigBee is a low‑power, wireless mesh network ideal for connecting meters to the utility network.
Correct answer is: ZigBee
Q.5 What is the main function of a distributed energy resource (DER) in a Smart Grid?
Increase transmission line length
Store electricity for later use
Produce electricity closer to the load
Regulate voltage at the substation
Explanation - DERs such as rooftop solar or small wind turbines generate power near the point of consumption, reducing losses and improving reliability.
Correct answer is: Produce electricity closer to the load
Q.6 Which of the following is NOT typically considered a benefit of integrating energy storage in a Smart Grid?
Peak shaving
Frequency regulation
Increased transmission losses
Load leveling
Explanation - Energy storage generally reduces losses by storing excess energy and providing it during demand, not increasing them.
Correct answer is: Increased transmission losses
Q.7 What does the term 'grid resilience' refer to?
The ability of the grid to withstand physical damage and recover quickly
The maximum voltage the grid can handle
The speed of electricity generation
The cost of building new substations
Explanation - Grid resilience focuses on maintaining service after natural disasters or cyber attacks by incorporating redundancy and rapid restoration capabilities.
Correct answer is: The ability of the grid to withstand physical damage and recover quickly
Q.8 Which of the following best describes a microgrid?
A large national grid spanning multiple countries
A small, self‑contained network that can operate independently from the main grid
A type of battery with micro‑cell structure
A communication protocol for grid sensors
Explanation - Microgrids integrate local generation, storage, and loads, and can island to stay online when the main grid is down.
Correct answer is: A small, self‑contained network that can operate independently from the main grid
Q.9 Which cyber‑security measure is essential for protecting SCADA systems in Smart Grids?
Public key infrastructure (PKI)
USB flash drives
Open Wi‑Fi networks
Analog signal monitoring
Explanation - PKI provides authentication and encryption, ensuring that only authorized devices can communicate with SCADA components.
Correct answer is: Public key infrastructure (PKI)
Q.10 Voltage sags in a Smart Grid are primarily caused by:
High wind speeds
Sudden large loads switching on
Increased solar generation
Improved insulation
Explanation - When a heavy load, like a motor, starts, it draws a large current that temporarily drops the voltage until the generator or storage compensates.
Correct answer is: Sudden large loads switching on
Q.11 What is the purpose of a Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) in modern power systems?
To measure temperature in substations
To monitor voltage and frequency phasors in real time
To convert AC to DC
To store excess energy
Explanation - PMUs provide high‑resolution, time‑synchronized measurements that help operators detect and mitigate grid disturbances quickly.
Correct answer is: To monitor voltage and frequency phasors in real time
Q.12 Which of the following is an example of a renewable energy source commonly integrated into Smart Grids?
Coal
Natural Gas
Solar PV
Hydrogen Fuel Cells
Explanation - Solar photovoltaics generate electricity from sunlight and are a key renewable resource in modern grids.
Correct answer is: Solar PV
Q.13 Grid‑to‑Grid (G2G) interconnection primarily facilitates:
Electric vehicle charging
Power exchange between neighboring countries or regions
Direct current conversion
Water distribution
Explanation - G2G links allow surplus power in one area to be transmitted to another region, improving overall system reliability.
Correct answer is: Power exchange between neighboring countries or regions
Q.14 Which of the following is a key advantage of using battery energy storage in a Smart Grid?
Unlimited storage capacity
Zero maintenance
Fast response times for frequency regulation
No environmental impact
Explanation - Batteries can rapidly charge or discharge to correct frequency deviations, enhancing grid stability.
Correct answer is: Fast response times for frequency regulation
Q.15 What does the acronym ISO stand for in the context of power system operation?
Integrated System Operator
Independent System Operator
International Standard Organization
Inertial System Oscillation
Explanation - An ISO manages the bulk power system, ensuring reliable operation and market efficiency.
Correct answer is: Independent System Operator
Q.16 Which component is critical for isolating faults and protecting equipment in a Smart Grid?
Transformer
Circuit Breaker
Capacitor
Inductor
Explanation - Circuit breakers detect fault conditions and disconnect the faulty section to prevent damage.
Correct answer is: Circuit Breaker
Q.17 What role does a 'demand‑side management' program play in Smart Grids?
Increasing generator output
Encouraging consumers to reduce or shift usage
Installing more transformers
Expanding the transmission network
Explanation - Demand‑side management optimizes consumer load patterns to match supply, reducing the need for peaking plants.
Correct answer is: Encouraging consumers to reduce or shift usage
Q.18 Which type of inverter is commonly used in photovoltaic (PV) systems to connect to the grid?
Voltage‑source inverter
Current‑source inverter
Buck inverter
Boost inverter
Explanation - A voltage‑source inverter modulates the DC voltage from the PV array into an AC waveform synchronized with the grid.
Correct answer is: Voltage‑source inverter
Q.19 Smart Grid analytics primarily rely on:
Physical sensors only
Statistical and machine‑learning algorithms
Manual operator logs
Analog meters
Explanation - Analytics process large datasets from sensors to predict outages, optimize dispatch, and detect anomalies.
Correct answer is: Statistical and machine‑learning algorithms
Q.20 Which of the following best describes 'grid reliability'?
The number of power plants in operation
The consistency of power supply without interruptions
The amount of renewable energy used
The speed of internet connectivity
Explanation - Reliability refers to the grid's ability to deliver power continuously and reliably to consumers.
Correct answer is: The consistency of power supply without interruptions
Q.21 In a Smart Grid, what does 'bidirectional flow' refer to?
Electricity can flow only from the grid to the consumer
Electricity flows only from the consumer to the grid
Electricity can flow both from the grid to the consumer and from the consumer to the grid
Electricity flows in a circular pattern
Explanation - With distributed generation like solar PV, local generators can supply power back to the grid.
Correct answer is: Electricity can flow both from the grid to the consumer and from the consumer to the grid
Q.22 Which device is used to monitor voltage and frequency at the substation level in real time?
Smart Meter
Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU)
Thermocouple
Pressure Sensor
Explanation - PMUs provide time‑synchronized measurements of voltage and frequency for real‑time grid monitoring.
Correct answer is: Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU)
Q.23 What is the primary function of a 'smart capacitor bank' in a grid?
Store energy for later use
Provide reactive power support and improve voltage regulation
Convert DC to AC
Reduce power factor to zero
Explanation - Smart capacitor banks adjust reactive power dynamically to maintain voltage levels.
Correct answer is: Provide reactive power support and improve voltage regulation
Q.24 Which of the following is a common challenge when integrating large amounts of solar PV into the grid?
Consistent power output throughout the day
Large capacity factor
Intermittency and output variability
Low installation costs
Explanation - Solar PV output depends on weather and daylight, requiring balancing mechanisms.
Correct answer is: Intermittency and output variability
Q.25 A 'smart switch' in a Smart Grid primarily provides:
Remote switching and automated protection
Temperature regulation
Power factor correction
Water flow control
Explanation - Smart switches can be controlled over communication networks to isolate faults or manage loads.
Correct answer is: Remote switching and automated protection
Q.26 Which communication standard is commonly used for substation automation?
CAN bus
IEC 61850
Bluetooth
Wi‑Fi
Explanation - IEC 61850 defines the communication network and systems for power utility automation, ensuring interoperability.
Correct answer is: IEC 61850
Q.27 The term 'grid parity' means:
The point where the cost of solar PV equals the cost of grid electricity
The maximum number of households on a grid
The grid's voltage reaching 50 kV
The grid's frequency reaching 60 Hz
Explanation - Grid parity is achieved when solar-generated power is cheaper than purchasing from the utility.
Correct answer is: The point where the cost of solar PV equals the cost of grid electricity
Q.28 Which of the following is a typical application of 'energy management systems' (EMS) in a power grid?
Automatic weather forecasting
Load forecasting and optimal power dispatch
Operating the power plant's cooling system
Monitoring water quality
Explanation - EMS use real‑time data to balance supply and demand, ensuring efficient grid operation.
Correct answer is: Load forecasting and optimal power dispatch
Q.29 Which component helps in preventing over‑voltage in a Smart Grid during fault conditions?
Surge protector
Fuses
Voltage regulator
Load shedding unit
Explanation - Voltage regulators adjust voltage to keep it within safe limits during disturbances.
Correct answer is: Voltage regulator
Q.30 Which of the following is a key benefit of using DC microgrids?
Lower conversion losses
Increased AC interference
Complex infrastructure
Higher voltage swings
Explanation - DC microgrids avoid multiple AC‑DC conversions, reducing losses and improving efficiency.
Correct answer is: Lower conversion losses
Q.31 The term 'load forecasting' refers to:
Predicting future power consumption patterns
Estimating the load on a transformer
Calculating the load capacity of a battery
Measuring the load on a circuit breaker
Explanation - Load forecasting helps utilities plan generation and transmission to meet anticipated demand.
Correct answer is: Predicting future power consumption patterns
Q.32 Which device is commonly used to detect and isolate faults on the transmission network?
Protective relay
Generator
Transformer
Capacitor bank
Explanation - Protective relays sense abnormal conditions and trigger circuit breakers to isolate faults.
Correct answer is: Protective relay
Q.33 What is the main advantage of 'power electronic converters' in renewable energy integration?
Reducing installation costs
Enabling AC‑AC conversion with high efficiency
Providing mechanical stability
Increasing generator size
Explanation - Converters convert variable AC output from renewables into grid‑compatible AC while maintaining power quality.
Correct answer is: Enabling AC‑AC conversion with high efficiency
Q.34 Which of the following best defines 'frequency regulation' in a Smart Grid?
Maintaining a stable voltage level
Keeping the system frequency close to its nominal value (e.g., 60 Hz)
Controlling the phase angle of power
Measuring the load on a transformer
Explanation - Frequency regulation compensates for mismatches between supply and demand to keep frequency stable.
Correct answer is: Keeping the system frequency close to its nominal value (e.g., 60 Hz)
Q.35 In Smart Grids, what does 'grid‑friendly' refer to?
The grid can supply power only to large industrial consumers
The grid can accept and manage variable local generation and storage
The grid rejects all distributed generation
The grid is powered by a single source
Explanation - 'Grid‑friendly' equipment can interoperate with the grid's control and communication systems.
Correct answer is: The grid can accept and manage variable local generation and storage
Q.36 Which of the following is a major advantage of using 'solid‑state transformers' (SST) in a Smart Grid?
High mechanical robustness
Ability to step voltage levels without bulky magnetic components
Reduced control complexity
Lower cost than conventional transformers
Explanation - SSTs use power electronics for voltage conversion, reducing size and improving dynamic response.
Correct answer is: Ability to step voltage levels without bulky magnetic components
Q.37 Which of the following is NOT a typical element of a Smart Grid's 'control layer'?
SCADA systems
Energy management systems
Analog meters
Demand‑side management algorithms
Explanation - The control layer relies on digital, real‑time data; analog meters do not provide such capabilities.
Correct answer is: Analog meters
Q.38 Which type of inverter is used in wind turbines to connect variable frequency generator output to the grid?
Voltage‑source inverter (VSI)
Current‑source inverter (CSI)
Buck‑boost inverter
Zig‑zag inverter
Explanation - Wind turbines typically use VSIs to convert variable AC to grid‑synchronised AC.
Correct answer is: Voltage‑source inverter (VSI)
Q.39 What does the term 'grid coding' refer to?
The process of encoding the physical structure of the grid into a digital map
A method of securing the grid from cyber attacks
The use of color codes on grid equipment
The standard frequency of the grid
Explanation - Grid coding translates physical assets and topology into a digital representation for simulation and analysis.
Correct answer is: The process of encoding the physical structure of the grid into a digital map
Q.40 Which of the following best describes 'load shedding'?
Adding extra load during peak hours
Shutting down non‑essential loads to maintain grid stability
Increasing transformer capacity
Reducing the frequency of the grid
Explanation - Load shedding temporarily disconnects certain loads to prevent cascading failures.
Correct answer is: Shutting down non‑essential loads to maintain grid stability
Q.41 Which of the following is a critical component for ensuring high voltage reliability in a Smart Grid?
Substation transformers
Power factor correction capacitors
Smart inverters
All of the above
Explanation - Each component plays a role in maintaining voltage stability and reliability.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.42 Which technology is commonly used for 'remote monitoring and control' of distribution transformers?
SCADA with PLCs
Manual switchgear
Thermocouples
Analog relays
Explanation - SCADA systems use PLCs for automated monitoring and control over communication networks.
Correct answer is: SCADA with PLCs
Q.43 Which of the following is a main reason for implementing 'flexible AC transmission systems' (FACTS) in power grids?
To increase line losses
To provide dynamic voltage control and improve power flow
To reduce the number of transformers
To eliminate the need for protective relays
Explanation - FACTS devices regulate voltage, impedance, and power flow in real time, enhancing grid performance.
Correct answer is: To provide dynamic voltage control and improve power flow
Q.44 Which of the following best explains 'energy arbitrage' in the context of Smart Grids?
Charging batteries when electricity is cheap and discharging when it is expensive
Balancing supply and demand in real time
Storing excess renewable energy for later use
Using storage to smooth load fluctuations
Explanation - Energy arbitrage exploits price differences across time periods to generate profit or reduce costs.
Correct answer is: Charging batteries when electricity is cheap and discharging when it is expensive
Q.45 What is the primary purpose of a 'grid edge' device?
To regulate voltage at the transmission level
To provide local control and communication between distributed resources and the utility
To convert AC to DC
To increase the physical size of the grid
Explanation - Grid edge devices manage local generation, storage, and loads, interfacing with the utility control systems.
Correct answer is: To provide local control and communication between distributed resources and the utility
Q.46 Which of the following is an example of a 'cyber‑physical attack' on a Smart Grid?
Physical tampering with a transformer
Denial‑of‑service attack on SCADA communications
Natural disaster causing power outages
Overloading a line due to high demand
Explanation - Cyber‑physical attacks exploit both digital vulnerabilities and physical infrastructure to disrupt grid operation.
Correct answer is: Denial‑of‑service attack on SCADA communications
Q.47 Which of the following devices is essential for providing 'grid‑support' services like reactive power compensation?
Solid‑state transformer
Static VAR compensator (SVC)
Mechanical generator
Battery storage
Explanation - SVCs quickly adjust reactive power to maintain voltage and power quality.
Correct answer is: Static VAR compensator (SVC)
Q.48 What is 'grid edge computing' primarily used for?
Performing heavy data analytics at the utility headquarters
Processing data close to the source to reduce latency and bandwidth
Replacing all SCADA systems
Managing long‑range communications only
Explanation - Edge computing enables real‑time decisions by processing data locally near the grid equipment.
Correct answer is: Processing data close to the source to reduce latency and bandwidth
Q.49 Which of the following is a key objective of 'transactive energy' systems?
Centralized control of all generators
Enabling price‑based market interactions between producers and consumers
Eliminating the need for meters
Standardizing all voltage levels
Explanation - Transactive energy allows dynamic pricing and real‑time trading of electricity.
Correct answer is: Enabling price‑based market interactions between producers and consumers
Q.50 Which of the following is a common application of 'frequency‑domain analysis' in Smart Grids?
Detecting transient events in the grid
Optimizing transformer design
Predicting weather patterns
Measuring voltage at a single point
Explanation - Frequency‑domain analysis helps identify oscillations and disturbances that may impact grid stability.
Correct answer is: Detecting transient events in the grid
Q.51 Which of the following best describes the role of 'phasor measurement units' (PMUs) in situational awareness?
They convert AC to DC for storage
They provide time‑synchronized voltage and current phasor data
They replace all analog meters
They measure temperature in transformers
Explanation - PMUs deliver high‑rate, synchronized measurements that improve monitoring and control.
Correct answer is: They provide time‑synchronized voltage and current phasor data
Q.52 Which of the following is a typical feature of an 'energy‑efficient' transformer used in a Smart Grid?
Higher core losses at all operating points
Use of superconducting materials only
Reduced core losses and better efficiency at partial loads
No use of insulation
Explanation - Energy‑efficient transformers minimize losses across a wide range of loads, enhancing overall grid efficiency.
Correct answer is: Reduced core losses and better efficiency at partial loads
Q.53 Which of the following is a main advantage of using 'direct current microgrids' in residential areas?
They require more converters
They eliminate AC‑DC conversion losses
They increase power quality issues
They are incompatible with solar panels
Explanation - Direct DC systems reduce the number of power conversions, improving efficiency.
Correct answer is: They eliminate AC‑DC conversion losses
Q.54 What is the primary function of a 'dynamic line rating' system in transmission networks?
To increase the physical length of lines
To adjust line capacity based on real‑time temperature and weather conditions
To measure voltage at the line end
To replace existing transformers
Explanation - Dynamic line rating allows operators to use lines closer to their capacity safely by monitoring actual conditions.
Correct answer is: To adjust line capacity based on real‑time temperature and weather conditions
Q.55 Which of the following best explains 'grid interconnection standards'?
Rules that govern how new renewable resources can physically connect to the grid
Standards for building high‑voltage towers
The maximum power a consumer can use
The frequency of grid operation
Explanation - Interconnection standards ensure safe, reliable, and efficient addition of new generation resources.
Correct answer is: Rules that govern how new renewable resources can physically connect to the grid
Q.56 Which type of inverter is commonly used to connect a battery energy storage system (BESS) to the grid?
Voltage‑source inverter (VSI)
Current‑source inverter (CSI)
Buck converter
Boost converter
Explanation - VSIs convert the DC from batteries to AC synchronized with grid frequency and voltage.
Correct answer is: Voltage‑source inverter (VSI)
Q.57 Which of the following is a benefit of 'cascading failure avoidance' in Smart Grids?
Increased power losses
Preventing widespread blackouts by isolating faults
Decreasing the reliability of the grid
Encouraging more demand
Explanation - Early fault isolation prevents a single failure from propagating through the network.
Correct answer is: Preventing widespread blackouts by isolating faults
Q.58 What is 'power quality' in the context of Smart Grids?
The maximum voltage level a transformer can handle
The ability of a system to maintain voltage, frequency, and harmonic distortion within acceptable limits
The color of the cables
The efficiency of generators
Explanation - Power quality ensures reliable operation of sensitive equipment and customer satisfaction.
Correct answer is: The ability of a system to maintain voltage, frequency, and harmonic distortion within acceptable limits
Q.59 Which of the following is a typical use case for 'demand‑side flexibility' in modern power systems?
Operating heavy industrial machinery during low‑price periods
Increasing the capacity of transmission lines
Installing more solar panels
Replacing all generators with batteries
Explanation - Demand‑side flexibility shifts or reduces loads to times of low electricity cost or high renewable output.
Correct answer is: Operating heavy industrial machinery during low‑price periods
Q.60 Which of the following is a major challenge associated with integrating electric vehicles (EVs) into a Smart Grid?
The lack of charging infrastructure
The absence of battery storage
The high variability and peak demand created by large‑scale charging
The inability to convert DC to AC
Explanation - EV charging can create significant load spikes; smart charging strategies are needed to mitigate them.
Correct answer is: The high variability and peak demand created by large‑scale charging
Q.61 Which of the following best describes a 'hybrid inverter'?
An inverter that can operate with either AC or DC input
An inverter that uses both AC and DC motors
An inverter that can function as both a grid‑connected inverter and a battery inverter
An inverter that eliminates the need for transformers
Explanation - Hybrid inverters allow seamless integration of solar PV and battery storage, providing multiple power sources.
Correct answer is: An inverter that can function as both a grid‑connected inverter and a battery inverter
Q.62 What is the primary function of a 'static synchronous compensator' (STATCOM) in a power grid?
To provide static voltage regulation and dynamic reactive power support
To increase the line capacity
To convert AC to DC
To store excess power
Explanation - STATCOMs use power electronics to deliver rapid reactive power adjustments for voltage control.
Correct answer is: To provide static voltage regulation and dynamic reactive power support
Q.63 Which of the following is a benefit of 'coordinated voltage control' in distribution networks?
Increased voltage variations
Improved voltage stability and reduced losses
Higher transformer wear
Increased harmonic distortion
Explanation - Coordinated control mitigates voltage fluctuations and lowers system losses.
Correct answer is: Improved voltage stability and reduced losses
Q.64 Which of the following represents a 'power flow control device' in a Smart Grid?
Series capacitors
Load tap changer
Voltage regulator
All of the above
Explanation - All listed devices can adjust power flow by modifying voltage or impedance.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.65 Which of the following is NOT a typical feature of a 'smart transformer'?
Embedded sensors for real‑time monitoring
Automatic tap changing
Built‑in wireless communication
Manual operation only
Explanation - Smart transformers are designed for automated operation and remote monitoring.
Correct answer is: Manual operation only
Q.66 What does 'grid edge' typically refer to in a Smart Grid context?
The physical border of the power system
The interface between the transmission system and the distribution system
The highest voltage level in the grid
A specific transformer type
Explanation - Grid edge devices manage local generation, storage, and loads at the boundary of the network.
Correct answer is: The interface between the transmission system and the distribution system
Q.67 Which of the following best describes 'grid flexibility'?
The ability of the grid to physically change shape
The ability to adjust generation and load to accommodate variable renewable resources
The ability to increase voltage arbitrarily
The ability to operate without protective devices
Explanation - Grid flexibility allows the system to respond to fluctuating supply and demand.
Correct answer is: The ability to adjust generation and load to accommodate variable renewable resources
Q.68 Which of the following is a key component of a 'grid‑friendly inverter'?
Fast reactive power control
Fixed output voltage
No communication capability
Only DC output
Explanation - Grid‑friendly inverters can quickly provide reactive power to support voltage and stability.
Correct answer is: Fast reactive power control
Q.69 Which of the following best defines 'dynamic voltage regulation' in the distribution network?
Constant voltage at all times
Rapid adjustment of voltage to compensate for load changes
Increasing line losses
Removing voltage regulators
Explanation - Dynamic voltage regulation maintains voltage levels by adjusting tap changers or reactive power devices in real time.
Correct answer is: Rapid adjustment of voltage to compensate for load changes
Q.70 Which of the following is a primary benefit of using 'high‑voltage direct current' (HVDC) transmission in modern grids?
Higher line losses
Long‑distance power transfer with lower losses and improved controllability
Increased harmonic distortion
Reduced reliability
Explanation - HVDC links allow efficient transmission of power over long distances with precise control.
Correct answer is: Long‑distance power transfer with lower losses and improved controllability
Q.71 Which of the following is a common application of 'digital twins' in power systems?
Modeling real‑time system behavior for planning and operation
Replacing physical transformers
Generating electricity from solar panels
Storing energy in batteries
Explanation - Digital twins simulate the physical grid to test scenarios and optimize performance.
Correct answer is: Modeling real‑time system behavior for planning and operation
Q.72 What is the main purpose of 'energy forecasting' in Smart Grids?
Predicting the weather
Planning generation and load to minimize costs and ensure reliability
Calculating transformer sizes
Determining the color of cables
Explanation - Accurate forecasting enables better scheduling of resources and reduces the need for emergency generation.
Correct answer is: Planning generation and load to minimize costs and ensure reliability
Q.73 Which of the following best describes 'grid‑integration of offshore wind'?
Connecting wind turbines located offshore to the onshore transmission system via subsea cables
Installing wind turbines on land only
Using wind to generate water power
Replacing all existing power plants with offshore wind
Explanation - Offshore wind farms transmit power through undersea cables to the mainland grid.
Correct answer is: Connecting wind turbines located offshore to the onshore transmission system via subsea cables
Q.74 Which of the following is a major advantage of using 'solid‑state transformers' (SST) in microgrids?
They increase physical size of the transformer
They provide compactness, fast response, and flexibility in voltage conversion
They require large magnetic cores
They cannot handle variable frequency
Explanation - SSTs use power electronics for voltage conversion, offering space savings and rapid control.
Correct answer is: They provide compactness, fast response, and flexibility in voltage conversion
Q.75 What is a 'grid‑responsive' load?
A load that always operates at maximum capacity
A load that can adjust its consumption based on grid signals
A load that cannot be controlled
A load that only consumes solar power
Explanation - Grid‑responsive loads participate in demand response and help balance the grid.
Correct answer is: A load that can adjust its consumption based on grid signals
Q.76 Which of the following is a critical factor in determining the 'capacity factor' of a wind turbine?
The number of blades
Wind speed at the turbine’s hub height
The color of the turbine
The manufacturer’s logo
Explanation - Capacity factor depends on the turbine’s actual output relative to its maximum possible output.
Correct answer is: Wind speed at the turbine’s hub height
Q.77 Which of the following best explains 'frequency‑domain stability analysis'?
Studying the grid’s behavior in the time domain only
Analyzing how the grid’s frequency components respond to disturbances
Measuring voltage at a single point
Determining the physical layout of the grid
Explanation - Frequency‑domain analysis helps predict oscillations and potential instability.
Correct answer is: Analyzing how the grid’s frequency components respond to disturbances
Q.78 Which of the following is NOT typically used for 'power quality monitoring' in Smart Grids?
Harmonic analyzers
Voltage flicker meters
Thermocouples
Frequency meters
Explanation - Thermocouples measure temperature, not power quality parameters.
Correct answer is: Thermocouples
Q.79 Which of the following is a key benefit of 'integrated transmission and distribution (T&D) planning'?
Reduced coordination between transmission and distribution operators
Optimized use of existing infrastructure and smoother integration of distributed resources
Increased grid losses
Elimination of the need for grid monitoring
Explanation - Integrated T&D planning ensures coordinated decisions across the entire power network.
Correct answer is: Optimized use of existing infrastructure and smoother integration of distributed resources
Q.80 What does 'grid‑scale battery storage' primarily provide?
Long‑term energy storage for peak shaving and frequency regulation
Instant power for individual households
Only reactive power
Cooling for transformers
Explanation - Large batteries store excess renewable energy and supply it during periods of high demand or low generation.
Correct answer is: Long‑term energy storage for peak shaving and frequency regulation
Q.81 Which of the following best describes the role of 'smart inverters' in a grid‑connected PV system?
To generate DC power from solar panels
To convert DC to AC and provide grid support functions such as voltage regulation
To increase the size of solar panels
To store excess energy in batteries
Explanation - Smart inverters synchronize with the grid and can provide ancillary services.
Correct answer is: To convert DC to AC and provide grid support functions such as voltage regulation
Q.82 Which of the following best explains the concept of 'transmission congestion'?
When the transmission system cannot transfer the desired amount of power due to line limits
When all transmission lines are operating at zero load
When the grid operates at maximum capacity with no restrictions
When there are no power demands
Explanation - Congestion limits the movement of power across the grid, often requiring rerouting or market actions.
Correct answer is: When the transmission system cannot transfer the desired amount of power due to line limits
Q.83 Which of the following is a common application of 'frequency‑response services' in Smart Grids?
Controlling voltage levels
Providing rapid power injection or withdrawal to support grid frequency
Replacing transformers
Increasing cable length
Explanation - Frequency‑response services help stabilize frequency by quickly responding to deviations.
Correct answer is: Providing rapid power injection or withdrawal to support grid frequency
Q.84 Which of the following best describes 'grid‑scale photovoltaic (PV) plants'?
Solar panels installed on residential roofs only
Large installations that feed power directly into the transmission network
Solar panels used in small-scale hobby projects
Solar panels that produce DC only
Explanation - Grid‑scale PV plants are large farms that connect to the grid to supply significant power.
Correct answer is: Large installations that feed power directly into the transmission network
Q.85 Which of the following is a typical feature of an 'electric utility's demand‑side management program'?
Providing customers with free electricity during peak hours
Offering incentives for customers to reduce or shift consumption during peak periods
Removing all metering devices
Installing more power plants
Explanation - Demand‑side management reduces peak loads and improves grid efficiency.
Correct answer is: Offering incentives for customers to reduce or shift consumption during peak periods
Q.86 Which of the following is a main function of a 'distribution automation system' (DAS)?
Manual switching of all breakers
Automated monitoring, control, and fault isolation in distribution feeders
Measuring the color of power lines
Reducing the need for SCADA
Explanation - DAS enhances reliability and efficiency by automating distribution operations.
Correct answer is: Automated monitoring, control, and fault isolation in distribution feeders
Q.87 Which of the following best describes 'grid‑edge storage'?
Storage located at the main power plant
Storage devices connected directly at the distribution level to support local loads
Batteries used only for industrial applications
Large thermal storage in a coal plant
Explanation - Grid‑edge storage provides local services such as peak shaving and voltage support.
Correct answer is: Storage devices connected directly at the distribution level to support local loads
Q.88 Which of the following is a typical application of 'smart meters' in a residential setting?
Providing real‑time energy consumption data to consumers and utilities
Generating electricity from solar panels
Controlling the temperature of water heaters
Measuring ambient temperature
Explanation - Smart meters record and communicate usage data, enabling time‑of‑use pricing and demand response.
Correct answer is: Providing real‑time energy consumption data to consumers and utilities
Q.89 Which of the following best explains 'grid integration of battery electric vehicles (BEVs)'?
Using BEVs to transport electricity to the grid
Using BEVs as mobile energy storage that can supply power back to the grid via vehicle‑to‑grid (V2G) technologies
Eliminating the need for charging stations
Replacing all existing grid infrastructure
Explanation - V2G allows electric vehicles to feed energy back to the grid, enhancing flexibility.
Correct answer is: Using BEVs as mobile energy storage that can supply power back to the grid via vehicle‑to‑grid (V2G) technologies
Q.90 Which of the following is a major challenge in 'microgrid islanding detection'?
Detecting small changes in voltage magnitude
Determining whether the microgrid is still connected to the main grid
Measuring temperature inside transformers
Counting the number of solar panels
Explanation - Accurate islanding detection ensures safe isolation and protection of the microgrid.
Correct answer is: Determining whether the microgrid is still connected to the main grid
Q.91 Which of the following is a key advantage of using 'grid‑friendly inverters' for rooftop solar PV?
They can operate without any communication
They can provide fast reactive power support and improve voltage stability
They eliminate the need for a transformer
They increase the physical size of the inverter
Explanation - Grid‑friendly inverters actively support grid voltage and frequency, enhancing reliability.
Correct answer is: They can provide fast reactive power support and improve voltage stability
Q.92 Which of the following is a typical measure to improve 'grid resilience' during extreme weather events?
Increasing the number of transformers
Installing underground cables and redundant pathways
Eliminating all distribution automation
Reducing the capacity of transmission lines
Explanation - Underground cables and redundant paths reduce vulnerability to storms and outages.
Correct answer is: Installing underground cables and redundant pathways
Q.93 Which of the following best describes the concept of 'transactive energy'?
A system that trades electricity on a market-based platform with dynamic pricing
A method of storing energy in batteries
The process of converting AC to DC
A type of transformer
Explanation - Transactive energy facilitates real‑time market transactions between prosumers and utilities.
Correct answer is: A system that trades electricity on a market-based platform with dynamic pricing
Q.94 Which of the following is a common application of 'phased‑array antennas' in Smart Grid communications?
Measuring voltage levels
Enabling high‑bandwidth, directional wireless communication for grid monitoring
Storing electricity
Transforming voltage
Explanation - Phased‑array antennas provide advanced communication capabilities for grid data exchange.
Correct answer is: Enabling high‑bandwidth, directional wireless communication for grid monitoring
Q.95 Which of the following best explains 'grid‑level cyber‑physical security'?
Protecting only the physical assets of the grid
Securing both the cyber infrastructure and the physical power system
Installing physical locks on all meters
Only monitoring the weather conditions
Explanation - Cyber‑physical security addresses threats that span digital and physical domains.
Correct answer is: Securing both the cyber infrastructure and the physical power system
Q.96 Which of the following is a major benefit of using 'smart relays' in a power system?
They are purely analog and cannot communicate
They can perform complex logic, communicate, and improve protection speed
They require no maintenance
They are only used for voltage measurement
Explanation - Smart relays incorporate digital processing and communication for enhanced protection.
Correct answer is: They can perform complex logic, communicate, and improve protection speed
Q.97 Which of the following best describes 'grid‑scale energy storage' types?
Only pumped hydro storage
Primarily battery systems, flywheels, pumped hydro, and compressed air
Only supercapacitors
Only thermal storage
Explanation - Grid‑scale storage uses various technologies to deliver bulk energy and ancillary services.
Correct answer is: Primarily battery systems, flywheels, pumped hydro, and compressed air
Q.98 Which of the following best explains the concept of 'load forecasting accuracy'?
The ability to measure voltage levels accurately
The closeness between predicted and actual demand over a forecast period
The amount of load on a transformer
The color of the electricity bill
Explanation - Accurate load forecasts improve planning and reduce the need for emergency generation.
Correct answer is: The closeness between predicted and actual demand over a forecast period
Q.99 Which of the following is a key component of 'grid‑based frequency regulation' using batteries?
Fast discharge during frequency dips
Slow charging over weeks
Physical shielding of cables
Thermal management of transformers
Explanation - Batteries can quickly release stored energy to counteract frequency drops.
Correct answer is: Fast discharge during frequency dips
Q.100 Which of the following is NOT a typical feature of an 'advanced metering infrastructure (AMI)'?
Two‑way communication
Remote meter reading
Manual meter operation only
Support for time‑of‑use pricing
Explanation - AMI devices are designed for automated, two‑way communication.
Correct answer is: Manual meter operation only
Q.101 Which of the following best describes 'grid‑scale photovoltaic (PV) integration challenges'?
Constant output regardless of weather
High intermittency and variability requiring balancing resources
The inability to convert DC to AC
Large physical size of PV panels
Explanation - PV output fluctuates with sunlight, necessitating control systems and storage.
Correct answer is: High intermittency and variability requiring balancing resources
Q.102 Which of the following is an advantage of using 'smart transformers' in distribution networks?
They cannot adjust tap positions
They provide automatic tap changing and real‑time monitoring
They are more expensive and less reliable
They operate only at the transmission level
Explanation - Smart transformers enhance voltage control and enable remote fault detection.
Correct answer is: They provide automatic tap changing and real‑time monitoring
Q.103 Which of the following best describes the concept of 'grid flexibility services'?
Providing voltage and frequency support only during off‑peak hours
Offering services like load shifting, storage dispatch, and generation scheduling to accommodate variable renewable output
Reducing the number of transformers in the grid
Eliminating all grid protection schemes
Explanation - Flexibility services help balance supply and demand in real time.
Correct answer is: Offering services like load shifting, storage dispatch, and generation scheduling to accommodate variable renewable output
Q.104 Which of the following is a key advantage of 'high‑voltage direct current (HVDC) links' between regions?
Increased harmonic distortion
Long‑distance power transfer with lower losses and controlled power flow
Elimination of power conversion
Higher line voltage limits only
Explanation - HVDC provides efficient, controllable transmission across vast distances.
Correct answer is: Long‑distance power transfer with lower losses and controlled power flow
Q.105 Which of the following is a common application of 'digital twin' models in power systems?
Simulating real‑time grid behavior for planning, operation, and fault analysis
Replacing physical transformers with virtual ones
Generating electricity from solar panels
Storing energy in batteries
Explanation - Digital twins create virtual replicas that help test scenarios without affecting the actual grid.
Correct answer is: Simulating real‑time grid behavior for planning, operation, and fault analysis
Q.106 Which of the following best explains the term 'grid edge computing'?
Processing data far from the grid source
Processing data close to the source to reduce latency and bandwidth usage
Processing data only at the utility headquarters
Replacing all SCADA systems
Explanation - Edge computing enables real‑time decisions by processing data locally.
Correct answer is: Processing data close to the source to reduce latency and bandwidth usage
Q.107 Which of the following is a major advantage of using 'solid‑state transformers' (SST) in a distribution network?
Increased physical size
Rapid voltage transformation with no bulky magnetic core
Reduced flexibility in voltage conversion
No control of reactive power
Explanation - SSTs use power electronics, providing fast response and compactness.
Correct answer is: Rapid voltage transformation with no bulky magnetic core
Q.108 Which of the following best describes 'transactive energy'?
A system that trades electricity on a market-based platform with dynamic pricing
A method of storing energy in batteries
The process of converting AC to DC
A type of transformer
Explanation - Transactive energy facilitates real‑time market transactions between prosumers and utilities.
Correct answer is: A system that trades electricity on a market-based platform with dynamic pricing
Q.109 Which of the following is an advantage of 'grid‑friendly inverters' in a Smart Grid?
They can provide fast reactive power support and improve voltage stability
They operate only with no communication capability
They increase the physical size of the inverter
They can only provide DC output
Explanation - Grid‑friendly inverters actively support voltage and frequency, enhancing reliability.
Correct answer is: They can provide fast reactive power support and improve voltage stability
Q.110 Which of the following best describes a 'smart inverter' in a photovoltaic system?
An inverter that does not communicate with the grid
An inverter that converts DC to AC and can provide grid support functions such as voltage regulation and reactive power control
An inverter that only increases the physical size of solar panels
An inverter that stores excess energy in batteries
Explanation - Smart inverters synchronize with the grid and offer ancillary services to maintain system stability.
Correct answer is: An inverter that converts DC to AC and can provide grid support functions such as voltage regulation and reactive power control
Q.111 Which of the following is a common method to detect 'islanding' in a microgrid?
Monitoring voltage magnitude only
Analyzing both voltage and frequency changes to detect disconnection from the main grid
Checking the color of the cables
Measuring only the temperature of transformers
Explanation - Island detection relies on comparing voltage and frequency to reference values to determine isolation status.
Correct answer is: Analyzing both voltage and frequency changes to detect disconnection from the main grid