Q.1 What type of inverter converts DC power into AC power for household appliances?
Step-up transformer
DC-DC converter
PWM inverter
Rectifier
Explanation - PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) inverters take DC input and produce AC output suitable for household devices.
Correct answer is: PWM inverter
Q.2 Which component is primarily used to smooth the output of a buck chopper?
Inductor
Resistor
Capacitor
Diode
Explanation - An inductor stores energy during the on-state and releases it during the off-state, reducing ripple in buck chopper output.
Correct answer is: Inductor
Q.3 In a boost converter, what happens to the output voltage when the duty cycle is increased?
It decreases
It stays the same
It increases
It becomes zero
Explanation - Increasing the duty cycle in a boost converter keeps the switch closed longer, raising the output voltage.
Correct answer is: It increases
Q.4 Which statement best describes a 3-phase inverter?
It uses three separate inverters in series
It converts single-phase DC to three-phase AC
It steps up voltage in three phases
It is used only for AC to DC conversion
Explanation - A 3-phase inverter takes DC input and produces balanced three-phase AC output for motor drives.
Correct answer is: It converts single-phase DC to three-phase AC
Q.5 What is the main purpose of a snubber circuit in a chopper?
To increase output voltage
To reduce voltage spikes
To convert AC to DC
To filter high-frequency noise
Explanation - A snubber absorbs voltage spikes caused by inductive load switching, protecting components.
Correct answer is: To reduce voltage spikes
Q.6 Which control strategy uses variable frequency to achieve precise voltage regulation?
V/Hz control
PWM control
On-off control
Open-loop control
Explanation - V/Hz (voltage-frequency) control adjusts frequency proportionally to voltage for synchronous machines.
Correct answer is: V/Hz control
Q.7 In an H-bridge inverter, how many switches are typically used?
2
4
6
8
Explanation - An H-bridge uses four switches (usually MOSFETs) to produce alternating current output.
Correct answer is: 4
Q.8 Which of the following is a common application of a buck-boost converter?
Charging a battery from a fixed supply
Increasing voltage in solar panels
Providing regulated voltage from a battery to a device
Driving high-power motors directly from mains
Explanation - A buck-boost converter can both step up and step down voltage, ideal for battery-powered devices.
Correct answer is: Providing regulated voltage from a battery to a device
Q.9 What is the main difference between a linear regulator and a switching regulator?
Linear regulators use diodes; switching regulators use inductors
Switching regulators dissipate less heat
Linear regulators are cheaper
Switching regulators can only boost voltage
Explanation - Switching regulators transfer energy efficiently with less heat compared to linear regulators.
Correct answer is: Switching regulators dissipate less heat
Q.10 Which device is used to detect the position of a rotating magnetic field in a permanent magnet DC motor?
Hall sensor
Optical encoder
Thermocouple
Voltage divider
Explanation - Hall sensors detect magnetic field changes and provide position feedback for motor control.
Correct answer is: Hall sensor
Q.11 Why is a flyback transformer used in a flyback chopper?
To store energy during the switch-on period
To provide isolation between input and output
To convert AC to DC
To filter high-frequency noise
Explanation - The flyback transformer isolates the DC side from the AC side and stores energy during the switching cycle.
Correct answer is: To provide isolation between input and output
Q.12 Which parameter directly affects the ripple voltage in a buck converter?
Switching frequency
Input voltage
Load current
All of the above
Explanation - Ripple voltage is influenced by switching frequency, input voltage variations, and load current changes.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.13 What is the purpose of a DC-DC buck converter in a solar power system?
To increase the voltage from solar panels to battery voltage
To step down the high voltage from panels to battery voltage
To convert DC to AC for the grid
To store excess energy in capacitors
Explanation - A buck converter reduces the panel voltage to match the battery charging voltage.
Correct answer is: To step down the high voltage from panels to battery voltage
Q.14 What does PWM stand for in the context of power electronics?
Pulse Width Modulation
Power Wave Management
Peak Voltage Minimization
Phase Weight Multiplier
Explanation - PWM is a technique where the width of a pulse controls the average power delivered.
Correct answer is: Pulse Width Modulation
Q.15 Which component in an H-bridge is usually the most heat-generating during operation?
The high-side MOSFET
The low-side MOSFET
The driver IC
The gate resistor
Explanation - The high-side MOSFET sees the full supply voltage and often dissipates more heat.
Correct answer is: The high-side MOSFET
Q.16 Which type of inverter is best suited for battery backup systems?
Voltage Source Inverter (VSI)
Current Source Inverter (CSI)
Pulse Width Modulated Inverter (PWM)
Resonant Inverter
Explanation - VSIs are efficient and provide a stable output voltage from a battery source.
Correct answer is: Voltage Source Inverter (VSI)
Q.17 What is the primary function of an active rectifier in a DC-DC converter?
To store energy in a capacitor
To convert AC to DC with reduced losses
To increase output voltage
To control the switching frequency
Explanation - An active rectifier uses controlled switches for efficient AC to DC conversion.
Correct answer is: To convert AC to DC with reduced losses
Q.18 Which of the following is NOT a typical parameter of a PWM inverter?
Switching frequency
Duty cycle
Amplitude
Reactance
Explanation - Reactance relates to AC impedance; PWM parameters involve frequency, duty cycle, and amplitude.
Correct answer is: Reactance
Q.19 Why are silicon carbide (SiC) MOSFETs preferred in high-frequency inverters?
They have lower on-resistance
They are cheaper than silicon MOSFETs
They do not require gate drivers
They have higher leakage current
Explanation - SiC MOSFETs switch faster with lower conduction losses, ideal for high-frequency operation.
Correct answer is: They have lower on-resistance
Q.20 What is the main benefit of using a resonant converter over a conventional PWM converter?
Higher efficiency at high load
Lower component cost
Simpler control scheme
Reduced EMI
Explanation - Resonant converters operate at resonant frequency, which limits switching transients and EMI.
Correct answer is: Reduced EMI
Q.21 In a flyback converter, what is stored energy during the OFF period?
In a capacitor
In a transformer core
In a resistor
In a diode
Explanation - The transformer core stores magnetic energy during the OFF phase, releasing it to the output.
Correct answer is: In a transformer core
Q.22 Which of these is a key disadvantage of a DC-DC buck-boost converter?
Limited input voltage range
High conduction losses
Complex control strategy
Inability to supply high currents
Explanation - Buck-boost topologies require careful control to maintain regulation in both buck and boost modes.
Correct answer is: Complex control strategy
Q.23 What type of modulation is used to generate sinusoidal waveforms in a 3-phase inverter?
Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM)
Pulse-Position Modulation (PPM)
Pulse-Train Modulation (PTM)
Amplitude Modulation (AM)
Explanation - Sine-triangle PWM creates the desired sinusoidal output for 3-phase drives.
Correct answer is: Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM)
Q.24 Which component helps maintain a constant output voltage in a buck converter during load variations?
Voltage regulator IC
Feedback resistor divider
Power MOSFET
Inductor
Explanation - The feedback network senses output voltage and adjusts the PWM duty cycle accordingly.
Correct answer is: Feedback resistor divider
Q.25 What is a primary application of a phase-shifted full-bridge inverter?
To increase output power without increasing component size
To step up voltage
To convert AC to DC
To reduce load current
Explanation - Phase shift allows each switch pair to share the load current, enhancing power capacity.
Correct answer is: To increase output power without increasing component size
Q.26 Which of the following is a typical parameter used to describe the quality of a DC-DC converter's output?
Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)
Voltage ripple
Switching frequency
Gate drive voltage
Explanation - Voltage ripple indicates the variation of output voltage around its average value.
Correct answer is: Voltage ripple
Q.27 Why is a diode used in a buck-boost converter's output circuit?
To provide reverse polarity protection
To conduct current during the off period of the switch
To increase switching speed
To regulate voltage
Explanation - The diode allows energy stored in the inductor to flow to the output when the switch turns off.
Correct answer is: To conduct current during the off period of the switch
Q.28 What is the function of the gate driver in an H-bridge inverter?
To convert AC to DC
To provide high-current gate drive signals
To store energy in the output filter
To sense load current
Explanation - Gate drivers supply the voltage and current needed to turn MOSFETs on and off quickly.
Correct answer is: To provide high-current gate drive signals
Q.29 Which type of switching converter is best suited for high-frequency, low-voltage applications?
Flyback converter
Forward converter
Boost converter
Half-bridge converter
Explanation - Flyback converters are simple and efficient for low-power, high-frequency DC-DC conversion.
Correct answer is: Flyback converter
Q.30 In a 4-quadrant inverter, which quadrant represents regenerative braking?
First quadrant
Second quadrant
Third quadrant
Fourth quadrant
Explanation - The second quadrant allows current to flow from the motor to the inverter, providing regeneration.
Correct answer is: Second quadrant
Q.31 What is the main advantage of a zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) inverter?
Higher efficiency
Simpler design
Lower EMI
Faster switching
Explanation - ZVS ensures the switch turns on when voltage is zero, reducing electromagnetic interference.
Correct answer is: Lower EMI
Q.32 Which of the following best describes the term ‘soft switching’?
Switching at zero current
Switching at zero voltage
Both zero current and zero voltage
Hard switching
Explanation - Soft switching methods aim to minimize voltage and current simultaneously during transition.
Correct answer is: Both zero current and zero voltage
Q.33 Which component is used to isolate the control electronics from the high-power switching circuit in an inverter?
Optocoupler
Transformer
Diode bridge
Capacitor
Explanation - An optocoupler provides electrical isolation while allowing signal transfer.
Correct answer is: Optocoupler
Q.34 What is the effect of increasing the output filter inductance in an inverter?
Increase voltage ripple
Reduce current ripple
Increase switching losses
Decrease output voltage
Explanation - A larger inductance smooths the output current, lowering ripple.
Correct answer is: Reduce current ripple
Q.35 Which of these is a key safety feature in a DC-DC buck converter used in power supplies?
Short-circuit protection
Reverse polarity protection
Over-voltage protection
All of the above
Explanation - Safety features protect the converter from common fault conditions.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.36 What does ‘overmodulation’ refer to in PWM inverters?
When the duty cycle exceeds 50%
When the modulation index exceeds unity
When the switching frequency is too high
When the output voltage is too low
Explanation - Overmodulation occurs when the desired output amplitude surpasses the inverter's capability, causing distortion.
Correct answer is: When the modulation index exceeds unity
Q.37 Which component is responsible for storing energy in a buck-boost converter during the on period?
Capacitor
Inductor
Diode
Switch
Explanation - The inductor stores magnetic energy during the switch-on state and releases it during off.
Correct answer is: Inductor
Q.38 What is a common failure mode of a MOSFET in a high-frequency inverter?
Thermal runaway
Gate oxide breakdown
Capacitor leakage
Resistor burn-out
Explanation - MOSFETs can overheat if the current is too high or cooling is inadequate.
Correct answer is: Thermal runaway
Q.39 Which of the following best describes a ‘half-bridge’ inverter topology?
Uses two switches connected in series
Uses two switches connected in parallel
Uses one switch and one diode
Uses four switches in a bridge configuration
Explanation - A half-bridge uses two switches with the center tap at the input supply.
Correct answer is: Uses two switches connected in series
Q.40 In a DC-DC boost converter, the output voltage can be approximated by which formula?
Vout = Vin / (1 - D)
Vout = Vin * (1 - D)
Vout = Vin / (1 + D)
Vout = Vin * (1 + D)
Explanation - The duty cycle (D) controls the ratio of output to input voltage in a boost converter.
Correct answer is: Vout = Vin / (1 - D)
Q.41 Which of the following is a typical load for a 3-phase VSI in a motor drive?
AC induction motor
DC motor
Battery charger
Transformer
Explanation - 3-phase VSI provides the necessary AC waveform to drive an induction motor.
Correct answer is: AC induction motor
Q.42 What is the main purpose of a ‘gate resistor’ in a MOSFET drive circuit?
To limit gate current and protect the driver
To increase switching speed
To regulate output voltage
To store energy in the gate capacitor
Explanation - The gate resistor limits the current surge during gate charging, protecting the driver IC.
Correct answer is: To limit gate current and protect the driver
Q.43 Which of the following best describes a 'soft-switching' technique?
Switching the MOSFET at maximum voltage
Switching the MOSFET at minimum current
Switching the MOSFET when voltage or current is zero
Switching the MOSFET at high frequency
Explanation - Soft switching reduces stress on the MOSFET by turning it on/off when voltage or current is minimal.
Correct answer is: Switching the MOSFET when voltage or current is zero
Q.44 In a full-bridge converter, the four switches are usually configured as:
Two MOSFETs and two IGBTs
All MOSFETs
All IGBTs
Two MOSFETs and two diodes
Explanation - Full-bridge converters commonly use four MOSFETs for high-speed operation.
Correct answer is: All MOSFETs
Q.45 What is a primary benefit of using a ‘current-mode control’ scheme in a buck converter?
Simplicity of implementation
Better transient response
Lower component count
Higher output voltage
Explanation - Current-mode control provides faster response to load changes by limiting peak inductor current.
Correct answer is: Better transient response
Q.46 Which of the following is NOT a typical application of a DC-DC buck-boost converter?
Battery-powered LED driver
Solar battery charger
Power supply for a microcontroller
High-voltage industrial motor
Explanation - Industrial motors usually require AC power; buck-boost converters are not used for high-voltage motors.
Correct answer is: High-voltage industrial motor
Q.47 What is the purpose of a ‘zero-crossing detector’ in a PWM inverter?
To synchronize the output with the mains voltage
To reduce harmonic distortion
To detect load changes
To control the switching frequency
Explanation - Zero-crossing detection ensures the inverter output aligns with the AC mains zero point.
Correct answer is: To synchronize the output with the mains voltage
Q.48 Which of the following parameters is crucial for determining the efficiency of a DC-DC converter?
Input voltage
Switching frequency
Load current
All of the above
Explanation - Efficiency depends on input voltage, frequency, and load current characteristics.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.49 Which of the following devices is commonly used as the power switch in a high-power inverter?
MOSFET
JFET
BJTs
Diodes
Explanation - MOSFETs provide high-speed switching with low on-resistance, ideal for inverters.
Correct answer is: MOSFET
Q.50 What is the main disadvantage of an ‘off-line’ (flyback) converter?
Limited output voltage range
High EMI
High switching losses
Large size
Explanation - Flyback converters can generate high electromagnetic interference due to switching transients.
Correct answer is: High EMI
Q.51 Which of the following is a typical application of a 'half-bridge' inverter?
Power supply for LED strips
DC motor drive
Battery charger
AC motor control
Explanation - Half-bridge inverters provide a DC output from a single AC source, useful for LED drivers.
Correct answer is: Power supply for LED strips
Q.52 What does the 'turn-on delay' of a MOSFET refer to?
Time taken for the MOSFET to start conducting after gate voltage is applied
Time taken for the MOSFET to turn off after gate voltage is removed
The duration of the dead zone between switches
The time required for the gate driver to respond
Explanation - Turn-on delay is the initial time lag before the MOSFET starts conducting.
Correct answer is: Time taken for the MOSFET to start conducting after gate voltage is applied
Q.53 Which type of converter can provide isolated DC output from a single AC input without a transformer?
Flyback converter
Half-bridge converter
Forward converter
Boost converter
Explanation - Flyback converters use a transformer to provide electrical isolation and DC output.
Correct answer is: Flyback converter
Q.54 What is a ‘dead-time’ in an H-bridge inverter?
Time when both high-side and low-side MOSFETs are on
Time when both high-side and low-side MOSFETs are off
Time the inverter is not connected to the load
Time the inverter is turned off
Explanation - Dead-time prevents shoot-through by ensuring a brief period where no transistor conducts.
Correct answer is: Time when both high-side and low-side MOSFETs are off
Q.55 Which component in a DC-DC converter is primarily responsible for filtering the output voltage?
Inductor
Capacitor
Diode
Switch
Explanation - Output capacitors smooth voltage fluctuations after the main filtering components.
Correct answer is: Capacitor
Q.56 What is the primary function of a ‘gate driver’ in a MOSFET-based inverter?
To provide the required gate voltage and current
To regulate the output voltage
To store energy for switching
To sense load current
Explanation - Gate drivers supply the high-voltage, high-current signals to turn MOSFETs on/off.
Correct answer is: To provide the required gate voltage and current
Q.57 Which of the following is a characteristic of a resonant converter?
Soft switching
Hard switching
Fixed frequency operation
High EMI
Explanation - Resonant converters use resonant circuits to achieve zero-voltage or zero-current switching.
Correct answer is: Soft switching
Q.58 Which of these is a common control method for a DC-DC buck converter?
Voltage-mode control
Current-mode control
Both of the above
Neither of the above
Explanation - Buck converters can use either voltage-mode or current-mode feedback control.
Correct answer is: Both of the above
Q.59 What is the effect of increasing the switching frequency in a buck converter?
Increase output ripple
Decrease component size
Reduce efficiency
Both B and C
Explanation - Higher frequency allows smaller inductors and capacitors but increases switching losses.
Correct answer is: Both B and C
Q.60 Which of the following topologies is best suited for high-efficiency, high-power DC-DC conversion?
Forward converter
Flyback converter
Buck-boost converter
Boost converter
Explanation - Forward converters provide efficient power transfer without energy storage in the transformer core.
Correct answer is: Forward converter
Q.61 Which of the following is NOT a type of chopper?
Buck chopper
Boost chopper
Buck-boost chopper
Triac chopper
Explanation - Triac choppers are not used in power electronics; they are part of AC switching devices.
Correct answer is: Triac chopper
Q.62 In a PWM inverter, what determines the number of harmonics present in the output waveform?
Switching frequency
Duty cycle
Load impedance
All of the above
Explanation - All three factors influence harmonic content in PWM waveforms.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.63 Which component is used to provide isolation in a flyback inverter?
Capacitor
Transformer
Inductor
Diode bridge
Explanation - The transformer core in a flyback inverter offers electrical isolation between input and output.
Correct answer is: Transformer
Q.64 What is the main advantage of a ‘dual active bridge’ converter?
Bidirectional power flow
High efficiency
Simple design
Low cost
Explanation - Dual active bridge converters allow power to flow in both directions between two DC sources.
Correct answer is: Bidirectional power flow
Q.65 Which of the following is a typical application of a DC-DC buck converter in renewable energy?
Inverter for wind turbines
Solar panel to battery charger
Grid-connected power factor correction
Three-phase motor drive
Explanation - Buck converters step down solar panel voltage to match battery charging voltage.
Correct answer is: Solar panel to battery charger
Q.66 Which of the following is a key parameter for the design of a full-bridge inverter?
Switching frequency
Load resistance
Input voltage
All of the above
Explanation - Frequency, load, and input voltage all influence the inverter's design requirements.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.67 What is a common reason for choosing an IGBT over a MOSFET in a high-power inverter?
Higher on-resistance
Higher voltage rating
Lower gate drive voltage
Higher switching frequency
Explanation - IGBTs can handle higher voltages compared to MOSFETs, making them suitable for high-power inverters.
Correct answer is: Higher voltage rating
Q.68 Which of the following describes a 'buck' converter's operation?
Steps up the input voltage
Steps down the input voltage
Provides voltage isolation
Converts AC to DC
Explanation - A buck converter reduces the input voltage to a lower output voltage.
Correct answer is: Steps down the input voltage
Q.69 Which component is essential to store energy during the OFF period of a flyback converter?
Transformer core
Inductor
Capacitor
Diode
Explanation - The flyback transformer stores magnetic energy during the OFF period.
Correct answer is: Transformer core
Q.70 In an inverter, the term 'three-phase' refers to:
Three separate DC supplies
Three-phase AC output
Three inverters in parallel
Three MOSFETs used in the bridge
Explanation - A three-phase inverter generates three AC waveforms offset by 120° each.
Correct answer is: Three-phase AC output
Q.71 What is the main purpose of a snubber in a DC-DC converter?
Reduce voltage ripple
Limit current spikes
Improve efficiency
All of the above
Explanation - A snubber damps voltage and current transients, reducing ripple and protecting components.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.72 Which of the following is a major benefit of using a 'half-bridge' converter over a 'full-bridge'?
Lower cost
Higher power capability
Higher efficiency
Smaller footprint
Explanation - Half-bridge converters use fewer components, reducing cost and complexity.
Correct answer is: Lower cost
Q.73 Which of the following parameters is NOT directly affected by the switching frequency of a DC-DC converter?
Output voltage ripple
Converter efficiency
Input current ripple
Load power
Explanation - Switching frequency influences ripple and losses but does not directly change load power.
Correct answer is: Load power
Q.74 What is the effect of increasing the output filter inductance in a buck converter?
Increase output ripple
Reduce output ripple
Increase switching losses
Decrease output voltage
Explanation - A larger inductance smooths the output current, lowering voltage ripple.
Correct answer is: Reduce output ripple
Q.75 Which component is used to rectify the AC output of a 3-phase inverter to DC?
Capacitor
Bridge rectifier
Inductor
Resistor
Explanation - A 3-phase bridge rectifier converts the AC waveform into DC for battery charging.
Correct answer is: Bridge rectifier
Q.76 What is the main advantage of using a 'boost' converter over a 'buck' converter for battery charging?
Higher efficiency
Ability to step up voltage
Lower component count
Reduced ripple
Explanation - Boost converters increase voltage, useful when the battery voltage is lower than the supply.
Correct answer is: Ability to step up voltage
Q.77 Which of the following is a typical use case for a 'half-bridge' inverter?
High-power motor drives
LED lighting control
Battery charger
Grid-tied inverters
Explanation - Half-bridge inverters are often used in low-power LED lighting systems.
Correct answer is: LED lighting control
Q.78 What is the main purpose of a gate resistor in a MOSFET-based inverter?
Limit gate current
Increase switching speed
Control output voltage
Reduce EMI
Explanation - The gate resistor limits the current surge to protect the driver and MOSFET.
Correct answer is: Limit gate current
Q.79 Which of the following is a characteristic of a ‘soft-switching’ converter?
Zero voltage switching
Hard switching
High EMI
Low efficiency
Explanation - Soft-switching converters reduce stress on switches by turning them on when voltage is zero.
Correct answer is: Zero voltage switching
Q.80 Which of the following components provides isolation between the input and output of a flyback inverter?
Transformer
Capacitor
Diode
Resistor
Explanation - The transformer core isolates the input and output circuits electrically.
Correct answer is: Transformer
Q.81 What is the main role of a 'current-mode controller' in a buck converter?
Control output voltage
Limit peak inductor current
Reduce switching losses
All of the above
Explanation - Current-mode control limits the peak current, improving transient response.
Correct answer is: Limit peak inductor current
Q.82 Which of the following is an advantage of a 'half-bridge' converter compared to a 'full-bridge' converter?
Higher efficiency
Lower cost
Smaller size
All of the above
Explanation - Half-bridge converters use fewer switches, reducing cost and size.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.83 What does 'turn-off delay' refer to in a MOSFET?
Time taken for the MOSFET to turn on after gate voltage is applied
Time taken for the MOSFET to turn off after gate voltage is removed
Dead-time between switches
Gate driver response time
Explanation - Turn-off delay is the period before the MOSFET stops conducting after gate voltage removal.
Correct answer is: Time taken for the MOSFET to turn off after gate voltage is removed
Q.84 Which of the following topologies is used for isolated power conversion without a transformer?
Flyback converter
Half-bridge converter
Forward converter
Boost converter
Explanation - Half-bridge converters can be designed as isolated or non-isolated, but typically use a transformer for isolation.
Correct answer is: Half-bridge converter
Q.85 Which of the following is a primary function of an inverter in an electric vehicle?
Convert battery DC to AC for the traction motor
Store energy in capacitors
Step down voltage
Regulate temperature
Explanation - The inverter supplies AC power to the motor from the vehicle’s DC battery.
Correct answer is: Convert battery DC to AC for the traction motor
Q.86 What is the main benefit of using a 'zero-crossing detector' in a PWM inverter?
Synchronize with mains
Reduce harmonics
Increase efficiency
Control switching frequency
Explanation - Zero-crossing detection ensures the inverter output starts at zero voltage, improving synchronization.
Correct answer is: Synchronize with mains
Q.87 Which component in a DC-DC converter provides the primary energy storage during the ON state?
Capacitor
Diode
Inductor
Transformer
Explanation - The inductor stores energy during the ON period and releases it during OFF.
Correct answer is: Inductor
Q.88 What is the main drawback of a 'full-bridge' inverter when used for high-frequency applications?
High EMI
Complex gate driver design
High switching losses
All of the above
Explanation - Full-bridge converters can generate high EMI and require precise driver control at high frequencies.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.89 Which of the following is a typical application of a 'buck-boost' converter?
Battery-powered devices with varying input voltage
High-power motor drives
Grid-tied inverters
AC power supplies
Explanation - Buck-boost converters maintain a stable output across a wide input voltage range.
Correct answer is: Battery-powered devices with varying input voltage
Q.90 What does the term 'dead-time' ensure in a MOSFET-based inverter?
Prevent MOSFETs from turning on simultaneously
Prevent MOSFETs from turning off simultaneously
Reduce switching losses
Control output voltage
Explanation - Dead-time keeps one MOSFET off to avoid shoot-through current between switches.
Correct answer is: Prevent MOSFETs from turning on simultaneously
Q.91 Which type of converter is best suited for converting a 12V battery to a 5V supply for USB devices?
Boost converter
Buck converter
Buck-boost converter
Flyback converter
Explanation - A buck converter steps down 12V to 5V efficiently.
Correct answer is: Buck converter
Q.92 Which component is crucial for preventing reverse current flow from the output to the input in a boost converter?
Diode
Inductor
Capacitor
MOSFET
Explanation - The diode allows current to flow to the output while blocking backflow.
Correct answer is: Diode
Q.93 What is the primary function of a 'gate driver' IC in an inverter system?
Provide high-voltage drive to MOSFET gates
Regulate output voltage
Measure load current
Convert DC to AC
Explanation - Gate drivers supply the necessary voltage and current to switch MOSFETs efficiently.
Correct answer is: Provide high-voltage drive to MOSFET gates
Q.94 Which of the following is a key benefit of a ‘forward’ converter over a ‘flyback’ converter?
Higher efficiency at high power
Simpler design
Lower EMI
All of the above
Explanation - Forward converters avoid energy storage in the transformer core, improving efficiency at higher loads.
Correct answer is: Higher efficiency at high power
Q.95 What does the term ‘zero-current switching’ (ZCS) refer to?
Switching when the voltage is zero
Switching when the current is zero
Switching at high current
Switching at low voltage
Explanation - ZCS ensures the switch turns on or off when the current through it is zero, reducing losses.
Correct answer is: Switching when the current is zero
Q.96 Which of the following components is essential in a DC-DC converter for output voltage regulation?
Inductor
Capacitor
Feedback resistor divider
Switch
Explanation - The feedback network senses the output voltage and adjusts the duty cycle accordingly.
Correct answer is: Feedback resistor divider
Q.97 Which of the following is NOT a typical type of switching mode used in DC-DC converters?
Continuous conduction mode
Discontinuous conduction mode
Constant voltage mode
Pulse-width modulation mode
Explanation - Continuous and discontinuous conduction modes are conduction styles; constant voltage is not a mode.
Correct answer is: Constant voltage mode
Q.98 In a three-phase VSI, which component is responsible for creating the sinusoidal voltage waveform?
PWM modulator
Inductor
Transformer
Diode bridge
Explanation - The PWM modulator generates the necessary waveform for the VSI output.
Correct answer is: PWM modulator
Q.99 What is the main reason for using a snubber circuit in a buck-boost converter?
To reduce output voltage ripple
To suppress voltage spikes across the switch
To increase switching frequency
To provide isolation
Explanation - A snubber dampens the voltage transients caused by inductive load switching.
Correct answer is: To suppress voltage spikes across the switch
Q.100 Which of the following best describes the operation of a ‘dual active bridge’ converter?
Two active bridges connected in series
Two active bridges connected in parallel
One active bridge with a flyback transformer
One active bridge with a boost transformer
Explanation - Dual active bridge converters use two active bridges to transfer power bidirectionally.
Correct answer is: Two active bridges connected in parallel
Q.101 In a buck converter, what is the relationship between duty cycle (D) and output voltage (Vout)?
Vout = Vin * D
Vout = Vin / D
Vout = Vin * (1 - D)
Vout = Vin / (1 - D)
Explanation - The duty cycle directly determines the output voltage in a buck converter.
Correct answer is: Vout = Vin * D
Q.102 Which component is primarily responsible for storing energy in a buck-boost converter during the ON period?
Inductor
Capacitor
Diode
Transformer
Explanation - The inductor stores magnetic energy during the ON phase and releases it during the OFF phase.
Correct answer is: Inductor
Q.103 What is the main advantage of a ‘buck’ converter for battery-powered applications?
High input voltage tolerance
High output voltage flexibility
Low power consumption
Simple design
Explanation - Buck converters have a simple topology and are efficient for stepping down battery voltage.
Correct answer is: Simple design
Q.104 Which of the following is a typical application of a ‘flyback’ converter?
High-power motor drives
Isolated DC-DC conversion in power supplies
Grid-tied solar inverters
High-frequency RF power amplifiers
Explanation - Flyback converters provide isolated DC outputs in many low to medium power supplies.
Correct answer is: Isolated DC-DC conversion in power supplies
Q.105 Which component is used to detect the phase difference between two AC signals in a 3-phase inverter?
Hall sensor
Optocoupler
Zero-crossing detector
Current transformer
Explanation - Zero-crossing detectors help determine phase relationships in 3-phase systems.
Correct answer is: Zero-crossing detector
Q.106 What is the purpose of a 'current-sense resistor' in an inverter circuit?
To limit current to safe levels
To sense and measure the current flowing through the load
To reduce voltage ripple
To provide isolation
Explanation - The resistor provides a voltage drop proportional to current, used for feedback control.
Correct answer is: To sense and measure the current flowing through the load
Q.107 Which of the following is a characteristic of a 'buck-boost' converter when the output voltage is greater than the input voltage?
It operates in buck mode
It operates in boost mode
It operates in both buck and boost modes simultaneously
It cannot operate in this condition
Explanation - When output voltage exceeds input, the converter works in boost mode.
Correct answer is: It operates in boost mode
Q.108 In a ‘half-bridge’ inverter, the two switches are usually connected how?
In parallel
In series
In series with a center tap
In a bridge configuration
Explanation - Half-bridge uses two switches with a center-tapped supply to form a single voltage source.
Correct answer is: In series with a center tap
Q.109 Which of the following best describes the operation of a 'flyback' converter?
It stores energy in the transformer core and transfers it during the off period
It steps down the voltage directly across the inductor
It uses a resonant tank to regulate output
It uses a transformer to provide isolation but no energy storage
Explanation - The flyback transformer stores energy during switch-on and releases it when the switch turns off.
Correct answer is: It stores energy in the transformer core and transfers it during the off period
Q.110 In a PWM inverter, what happens if the duty cycle exceeds 100%?
The output voltage becomes zero
The output voltage exceeds the input voltage
The inverter stops operating
It leads to overmodulation and waveform distortion
Explanation - Duty cycles above 100% result in overmodulation, causing distortion and inefficiencies.
Correct answer is: It leads to overmodulation and waveform distortion
Q.111 Which component is commonly used as a gate driver for IGBTs in a high-power inverter?
MOSFET driver IC
IGBT driver IC
Diode bridge
Resistor divider
Explanation - IGBT driver ICs provide the necessary voltage and current to drive IGBTs efficiently.
Correct answer is: IGBT driver IC
Q.112 Which of the following is a major advantage of using a 'buck' converter in a power supply?
High output voltage
Simple control
Low input voltage ripple
High efficiency
Explanation - Buck converters can achieve high efficiency by minimizing conduction losses.
Correct answer is: High efficiency
Q.113 In a DC-DC converter, what is the purpose of a 'feedback loop'?
To regulate output voltage
To regulate output current
Both A and B
None of the above
Explanation - The feedback loop monitors both voltage and current to maintain regulation.
Correct answer is: Both A and B
Q.114 Which of the following is NOT a typical parameter of a 'forward converter'?
Switching frequency
Transformer turns ratio
Input voltage
Output current
Explanation - Output current is a load parameter, not a design parameter of the converter.
Correct answer is: Output current
Q.115 What is the main benefit of a 'resonant converter' for high-frequency applications?
High efficiency
Low cost
Low EMI
All of the above
Explanation - Resonant converters operate with soft switching, reducing losses and EMI.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.116 Which of the following is a key design consideration for a DC-DC buck converter used in a mobile phone charger?
High power factor
Low EMI
Low switching frequency
High output ripple
Explanation - Mobile chargers require low EMI to avoid interference with phone electronics.
Correct answer is: Low EMI
Q.117 Which component is used to convert AC to DC before feeding a DC-DC converter?
Rectifier
Inverter
Chopper
Transformer
Explanation - A rectifier removes the AC component, providing DC to the converter.
Correct answer is: Rectifier
Q.118 Which of the following best describes a 'step-down' converter?
Increases voltage
Decreases voltage
Increases current
Decreases current
Explanation - A step-down converter, like a buck, reduces the input voltage to a lower output voltage.
Correct answer is: Decreases voltage
Q.119 What is a common application of a 'dual active bridge' converter?
Battery to battery transfer
AC motor control
Solar inverter
DC to DC conversion for LEDs
Explanation - Dual active bridges transfer power between two DC sources in a bidirectional manner.
Correct answer is: Battery to battery transfer
Q.120 Which of the following is a major disadvantage of a 'flyback' converter?
Limited output voltage range
High EMI
High switching losses
Large size
Explanation - Flyback converters can produce significant EMI due to the rapid switching transients.
Correct answer is: High EMI
Q.121 Which of the following components is responsible for storing magnetic energy in a buck converter?
Capacitor
Inductor
Diode
Transformer
Explanation - The inductor stores energy during the on state and releases it during the off state.
Correct answer is: Inductor
Q.122 Which type of chopper is used for controlling motor speed in DC motor drives?
Buck chopper
Boost chopper
Buck-boost chopper
All of the above
Explanation - All types of choppers can be used to vary the voltage applied to a DC motor.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.123 What is the purpose of a 'snubber' circuit in an inverter?
To smooth output voltage
To suppress voltage spikes across the switching devices
To increase switching frequency
To provide isolation
Explanation - Snubber circuits absorb transients that could damage switches.
Correct answer is: To suppress voltage spikes across the switching devices
Q.124 In a buck-boost converter, what happens to the output voltage when the duty cycle is increased beyond the point where the output equals the input?
It continues to increase linearly
It starts to decrease
It stays constant
It becomes zero
Explanation - When duty cycle exceeds the crossover point, the converter enters buck mode and the output decreases.
Correct answer is: It starts to decrease
Q.125 Which of the following is a common method for achieving zero-voltage switching in a buck converter?
Using a resonant tank
Increasing switching frequency
Adding a snubber circuit
Using a high-side gate driver
Explanation - A resonant tank aligns the voltage across the switch to zero when it turns on or off.
Correct answer is: Using a resonant tank
Q.126 In a three-phase VSI, which type of PWM is commonly used to generate sinusoidal outputs?
Sinusoidal PWM (SPWM)
Pulse-Position Modulation (PPM)
Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM)
Time-Delay Modulation (TDM)
Explanation - SPWM generates a sine-like waveform by modulating pulse widths.
Correct answer is: Sinusoidal PWM (SPWM)
Q.127 What is the primary function of an 'output filter' in a DC-DC converter?
Reduce output ripple
Increase output voltage
Reduce input ripple
Control switching frequency
Explanation - The filter smooths the output voltage and current for the load.
Correct answer is: Reduce output ripple
Q.128 Which of the following is a typical application of a 'half-bridge' converter?
LED driver for automotive lighting
High-power motor drive
Grid-tied inverter
USB charger
Explanation - Half-bridge inverters are efficient for low-power LED lighting systems.
Correct answer is: LED driver for automotive lighting
Q.129 In a buck converter, what role does the diode play during the switch off period?
Store energy
Deliver energy to the load
Prevent reverse current flow
None of the above
Explanation - During the switch off, the diode conducts, providing energy to the output.
Correct answer is: Deliver energy to the load
Q.130 Which of the following is a major advantage of using an IGBT over a MOSFET in a high-voltage inverter?
Higher efficiency
Lower switching losses
Higher voltage rating
Faster switching speed
Explanation - IGBTs can handle higher voltages while MOSFETs are limited to lower voltages.
Correct answer is: Higher voltage rating
Q.131 What is the primary advantage of a ‘boost’ converter for a solar PV system?
Stepping up panel voltage to match battery charging voltage
Stepping down voltage for LED lighting
Providing isolation between panel and battery
Reducing ripple on the output
Explanation - Boost converters raise panel voltage, ensuring efficient charging.
Correct answer is: Stepping up panel voltage to match battery charging voltage
Q.132 In a DC-DC converter, which component is responsible for storing energy during the switch-on period?
Capacitor
Diode
Inductor
Transformer
Explanation - The inductor stores magnetic energy during the ON state and releases it when the switch is OFF.
Correct answer is: Inductor
Q.133 Which type of converter is used for isolating a low-power DC load from a high-voltage AC source?
Flyback converter
Buck converter
Boost converter
Half-bridge converter
Explanation - The flyback transformer provides isolation and voltage conversion for low-power loads.
Correct answer is: Flyback converter
Q.134 Which of the following is a typical parameter for designing a buck converter?
Input voltage range
Output voltage ripple
Switching frequency
All of the above
Explanation - All listed parameters influence the buck converter's design.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.135 Which component is typically used to protect an inverter from over-voltage conditions?
Fuse
Thermal cut-out
Transient voltage suppressor (TVS) diode
All of the above
Explanation - TVS diodes clamp voltage spikes, protecting the inverter's switches.
Correct answer is: Transient voltage suppressor (TVS) diode
Q.136 What is a key advantage of using a 'buck-boost' converter in a battery charger?
Stable output across a wide input range
High power factor
Low cost
Fast charging
Explanation - Buck-boost converters maintain a constant output despite varying input voltage.
Correct answer is: Stable output across a wide input range
Q.137 Which of the following is NOT a typical component of a DC-DC buck converter?
Inductor
Capacitor
Resistor
Transformer
Explanation - Buck converters do not require a transformer for isolation.
Correct answer is: Transformer
Q.138 In a three-phase VSI, which component is used to produce the 120° phase shift between the three AC outputs?
Zero-crossing detector
Phase-shifted PWM
Gate driver
Current transformer
Explanation - Phase-shifted PWM generates the 120° offset needed for 3-phase operation.
Correct answer is: Phase-shifted PWM
Q.139 Which of the following best describes the operation of a 'dual active bridge' converter?
Two active bridges in parallel for higher power
Two active bridges in series for higher voltage
One active bridge with a resonant tank
One active bridge with a flyback transformer
Explanation - Dual active bridges increase power handling by sharing current between two bridge circuits.
Correct answer is: Two active bridges in parallel for higher power
Q.140 What is the primary purpose of a 'current-sense resistor' in a buck converter?
Measure the input current
Measure the output current
Sense the current for feedback control
Limit current to safe levels
Explanation - The resistor provides a voltage drop proportional to current, used for regulation.
Correct answer is: Sense the current for feedback control
Q.141 Which of the following is a common type of PWM used in 3-phase inverters?
Sinusoidal PWM (SPWM)
Triangular PWM (TPWM)
Random PWM (RPWM)
All of the above
Explanation - SPWM is the most widely used method for producing sinusoidal AC waveforms.
Correct answer is: Sinusoidal PWM (SPWM)
Q.142 In a DC-DC converter, what is the effect of increasing the output filter capacitance?
Increase output ripple
Decrease output ripple
Increase switching losses
Reduce output voltage
Explanation - A larger capacitor smooths the output voltage, reducing ripple.
Correct answer is: Decrease output ripple
Q.143 Which component provides isolation in a flyback converter?
Transformer core
Inductor
Capacitor
Diode bridge
Explanation - The flyback transformer isolates the input from the output.
Correct answer is: Transformer core
Q.144 Which of the following is a key parameter in the design of a resonant converter?
Resonant tank frequency
Switching frequency
Output voltage ripple
All of the above
Explanation - Resonant converters rely on resonant tank frequency, switching frequency, and ripple control.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.145 In a buck-boost converter operating in boost mode, what is the relationship between the duty cycle (D) and the output voltage (Vout)?
Vout = Vin / (1 - D)
Vout = Vin * D
Vout = Vin * (1 + D)
Vout = Vin / D
Explanation - In boost mode, the output voltage is inversely proportional to (1 - D).
Correct answer is: Vout = Vin / (1 - D)
Q.146 What is the primary function of a 'snubber' circuit in a DC-DC buck converter?
Reduce voltage ripple
Suppress voltage spikes across the switch
Increase switching frequency
Provide isolation
Explanation - Snubbers absorb transients that could damage the switching device.
Correct answer is: Suppress voltage spikes across the switch
Q.147 Which of the following best describes a 'half-bridge' converter?
Two switches with a center-tapped supply
Four switches forming a bridge
Two switches in series
A single switch with a resonant tank
Explanation - Half-bridge converters use a center-tapped supply to produce a single voltage source for switching.
Correct answer is: Two switches with a center-tapped supply
Q.148 Which of the following is NOT a typical output characteristic of a DC-DC buck converter?
Low output ripple
High efficiency
Low output voltage
High output current capacity
Explanation - Buck converters reduce voltage, so low output voltage is inherent, not a characteristic to be achieved.
Correct answer is: Low output voltage
Q.149 What is the main benefit of using a 'buck' converter in a portable power bank?
Step-down voltage from a high-voltage input
High output current without excessive heat
Fast charging of the battery
All of the above
Explanation - Buck converters are efficient and can deliver high current while keeping temperatures low.
Correct answer is: High output current without excessive heat
Q.150 Which of the following is a typical application of a ‘flyback’ converter in consumer electronics?
USB power adapters
Laptop chargers
Solar panels
Motor drives
Explanation - Flyback converters are widely used in low-power USB adapters for isolation and regulation.
Correct answer is: USB power adapters
Q.151 What does the term ‘output regulation’ refer to in a DC-DC converter?
Maintaining a constant output voltage regardless of load changes
Increasing the output voltage as load increases
Reducing output current ripple
All of the above
Explanation - Output regulation ensures stable voltage under varying load conditions.
Correct answer is: Maintaining a constant output voltage regardless of load changes
Q.152 Which of the following is a major disadvantage of a 'boost' converter?
Low efficiency at high load
Complex control scheme
High output voltage ripple
Requires a transformer
Explanation - Boost converters can have higher voltage ripple compared to buck converters.
Correct answer is: High output voltage ripple
Q.153 Which component is primarily responsible for storing energy in a buck converter?
Inductor
Capacitor
Diode
Resistor
Explanation - The inductor stores magnetic energy during the on-state and releases it during the off-state.
Correct answer is: Inductor
Q.154 What is the main purpose of a 'gate resistor' in a MOSFET-based inverter circuit?
Limit gate current
Increase switching speed
Reduce output ripple
Provide isolation
Explanation - The resistor prevents excessive gate current that could damage the driver.
Correct answer is: Limit gate current
Q.155 Which of the following is a typical application of a 'dual active bridge' converter in renewable energy?
Battery to battery transfer
Grid-tied solar inverter
Wind turbine control
Solar panel to DC link
Explanation - Dual active bridges efficiently transfer power between two DC sources.
Correct answer is: Battery to battery transfer
Q.156 What is the main advantage of a resonant converter at high frequencies?
Reduced losses
Higher efficiency
Low EMI
All of the above
Explanation - Soft-switching in resonant converters reduces losses, increases efficiency, and lowers EMI.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.157 Which component is typically used to store energy in a buck-boost converter during the off period?
Inductor
Capacitor
Transformer
Diode
Explanation - The inductor stores energy during the ON period and releases it during OFF.
Correct answer is: Inductor
Q.158 Which of the following is NOT a typical parameter of a buck converter?
Input voltage
Output voltage
Switching frequency
Transformer turns ratio
Explanation - Buck converters do not use transformers for isolation; they rely on inductors.
Correct answer is: Transformer turns ratio
Q.159 In a 3-phase VSI, what is the purpose of the 'dead-time' between switching the high-side and low-side MOSFETs?
Prevent simultaneous conduction of both MOSFETs
Reduce output ripple
Increase switching frequency
None of the above
Explanation - Dead-time keeps one MOSFET off to avoid shoot-through current.
Correct answer is: Prevent simultaneous conduction of both MOSFETs
Q.160 Which of the following is a typical application of a 'half-bridge' inverter in industrial settings?
High-power motor drives
Lighting control
Battery chargers
Power factor correction
Explanation - Half-bridge inverters are common in low-power LED lighting applications.
Correct answer is: Lighting control
Q.161 What is the main function of an 'output filter' in a DC-DC buck converter?
Reduce output ripple
Increase output voltage
Regulate input current
Control switching frequency
Explanation - The filter smooths the output voltage for the load.
Correct answer is: Reduce output ripple
Q.162 Which of the following is a key design consideration for a boost converter used in a solar charger?
High input voltage tolerance
Low output ripple
High switching frequency
All of the above
Explanation - Solar chargers require high voltage tolerance, low ripple, and efficient switching.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.163 In a buck-boost converter, what happens to the output voltage when the duty cycle is set to 0.5?
Output voltage equals input voltage
Output voltage is double the input voltage
Output voltage is half the input voltage
Output voltage is zero
Explanation - At D=0.5, the converter is at the crossover point where Vout = Vin.
Correct answer is: Output voltage equals input voltage
Q.164 Which of the following is NOT a typical component of a DC-DC buck converter?
Inductor
Capacitor
Resistor
Transformer
Explanation - Buck converters do not use transformers; they rely on inductors and capacitors.
Correct answer is: Transformer
Q.165 In a 3-phase VSI, which type of modulation is used to achieve balanced output voltages?
Pulse-width modulation (PWM)
Pulse-position modulation (PPM)
Time-delay modulation (TDM)
All of the above
Explanation - PWM is used to modulate the pulse widths for balanced 3-phase outputs.
Correct answer is: Pulse-width modulation (PWM)
Q.166 Which of the following components is responsible for storing energy in a flyback converter during the ON period?
Transformer core
Inductor
Capacitor
Diode
Explanation - The transformer core stores energy during the switch-on period and releases it during OFF.
Correct answer is: Transformer core
Q.167 Which of the following is a typical application of a 'buck-boost' converter in a battery charger?
Providing a regulated output regardless of input voltage
Increasing output voltage for high-power motors
Reducing output ripple for LEDs
All of the above
Explanation - Buck-boost converters maintain a stable output across a wide input range, ideal for battery charging.
Correct answer is: Providing a regulated output regardless of input voltage
Q.168 What is the purpose of a 'snubber' circuit in a DC-DC converter?
To reduce voltage ripple
To suppress voltage spikes across the switch
To increase switching speed
To provide isolation
Explanation - Snubbers absorb transients that could damage the switching device.
Correct answer is: To suppress voltage spikes across the switch
Q.169 In a 3-phase VSI, why is a 'dead-time' inserted between the high-side and low-side switches?
To prevent simultaneous conduction of both switches
To reduce output ripple
To increase switching frequency
To provide isolation
Explanation - Dead-time avoids shoot-through current that would damage the switches.
Correct answer is: To prevent simultaneous conduction of both switches
Q.170 Which of the following is a typical application of a 'half-bridge' converter?
LED lighting
High-power motor drives
Grid-tied solar inverters
Power factor correction
Explanation - Half-bridge converters are often used in low-power LED lighting systems.
Correct answer is: LED lighting
Q.171 What is the main advantage of a 'buck' converter for a portable power bank?
High output current without excessive heat
Fast charging of the battery
Step-down voltage from a high-voltage input
All of the above
Explanation - Buck converters are efficient and can deliver high current while keeping temperatures low.
Correct answer is: High output current without excessive heat
Q.172 Which of the following is NOT a typical application of a flyback converter?
USB power adapters
Laptop chargers
Solar panels
Motor drives
Explanation - Flyback converters are used for isolated low-power applications; solar panels typically use boost converters.
Correct answer is: Solar panels
Q.173 Which component is typically used to store energy in a buck-boost converter during the ON period?
Inductor
Capacitor
Transformer
Diode
Explanation - The inductor stores magnetic energy during the ON state and releases it during the OFF state.
Correct answer is: Inductor
Q.174 What does a 'current-sense resistor' in a buck converter provide?
Voltage feedback for control
Current sensing for protection and regulation
Energy storage
None of the above
Explanation - It provides a voltage proportional to current for feedback and protection circuits.
Correct answer is: Current sensing for protection and regulation
Q.175 Which of the following best describes a 'dual active bridge' converter?
Two active bridges connected in parallel for higher power
Two active bridges in series for higher voltage
One active bridge with a resonant tank
One active bridge with a flyback transformer
Explanation - Dual active bridges increase power handling by sharing current between two bridge circuits.
Correct answer is: Two active bridges connected in parallel for higher power
Q.176 Which component is responsible for storing energy in a buck converter during the ON period?
Inductor
Capacitor
Diode
Resistor
Explanation - The inductor stores magnetic energy during the ON state and releases it during the OFF state.
Correct answer is: Inductor