Q.1 What is the primary standard for voltage measurement in the International System of Units (SI)?
Mercury-in-glass thermometer
Josephson voltage standard
Kibble balance
Standard hydrogen cell
Explanation - The Josephson effect provides a highly reproducible voltage reference based on fundamental constants, making it the SI primary standard for voltage.
Correct answer is: Josephson voltage standard
Q.2 Which of the following best describes ‘traceability’ in calibration?
A measurement that can be reproduced by any lab
A link to an unbroken chain of calibrations back to a national standard
The ability to trace the origin of a component
A method to reduce measurement noise
Explanation - Traceability ensures that measurement results can be related to references through an unbroken chain of calibrations, each contributing to the measurement uncertainty.
Correct answer is: A link to an unbroken chain of calibrations back to a national standard
Q.3 A digital multimeter (DMM) reads 5.01 V when connected to a calibrated 5.00 V standard. What type of error is this?
Zero error
Scale factor error
Random error
Hysteresis error
Explanation - The error is proportional to the reading (5.01 V vs 5.00 V), indicating a scale factor or gain error rather than an offset (zero) error.
Correct answer is: Scale factor error
Q.4 Which organization publishes the IEC 60068 series of environmental testing standards?
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
British Standards Institution (BSI)
Explanation - IEC 60068 covers environmental testing procedures for electronic equipment and is issued by the International Electrotechnical Commission.
Correct answer is: International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
Q.5 The uncertainty of a calibrated instrument is expressed as ±0.5% of reading + 0.1 V. What is the total uncertainty for a 100 V measurement?
±0.6 V
±0.5 V
±1.0 V
±0.55 V
Explanation - 0.5% of 100 V = 0.5 V; adding the fixed component 0.1 V gives total ±0.6 V.
Correct answer is: ±0.6 V
Q.6 Which of the following is NOT a typical step in a calibration procedure?
Verification of zero offset
Adjustment of the instrument to match the reference
Recording environmental conditions
Replacing the instrument’s power supply with a battery
Explanation - Changing the power supply is not a standard calibration step; the other options are essential parts of a calibration routine.
Correct answer is: Replacing the instrument’s power supply with a battery
Q.7 What does the term ‘repeatability’ refer to in instrument calibration?
The ability of an instrument to produce the same result under unchanged conditions
The ability of an instrument to maintain its calibration over years
The difference between two instruments of the same type
The effect of temperature on measurement
Explanation - Repeatability is the variation in measurements taken by a single instrument under the same conditions over a short period.
Correct answer is: The ability of an instrument to produce the same result under unchanged conditions
Q.8 A calibrated pressure transducer shows a drift of -0.02% per month. After 6 months, what is the expected drift?
-0.12%
-0.02%
-0.10%
-0.14%
Explanation - Drift = -0.02%/month × 6 months = -0.12% total drift.
Correct answer is: -0.12%
Q.9 Which calibration method uses a known reference to compare an instrument’s output directly?
Indirect calibration
Substitution method
Comparison method
Self‑calibration
Explanation - The comparison method involves measuring the same quantity with both the instrument under test and a reference standard and comparing the results.
Correct answer is: Comparison method
Q.10 In the context of metrology, what does the abbreviation ‘MPE’ stand for?
Maximum Permissible Error
Mean Power Efficiency
Measured Parameter Estimate
Multiple Phase Encoder
Explanation - MPE defines the maximum error a measurement device may exhibit under specified conditions.
Correct answer is: Maximum Permissible Error
Q.11 Which of the following standards defines the requirements for calibration of temperature measurement equipment?
ISO 9001
IEC 60751
ISO/IEC 17025
IEEE 802.3
Explanation - ISO/IEC 17025 specifies the general requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories, including temperature measurement.
Correct answer is: ISO/IEC 17025
Q.12 A calibrator for a 1 kΩ resistor has an accuracy of ±0.02 % + 0.01 Ω. What is the absolute uncertainty when calibrating a 1 kΩ resistor?
±0.21 Ω
±0.02 Ω
±0.11 Ω
±0.31 Ω
Explanation - 0.02 % of 1000 Ω = 0.20 Ω; add the fixed component 0.01 Ω → total ±0.21 Ω.
Correct answer is: ±0.21 Ω
Q.13 Which primary standard is used for resistance measurements?
Mercury column
Quantum Hall effect device
Standard candle
Laser interferometer
Explanation - The quantum Hall effect provides a resistance standard based on fundamental constants, used as the primary resistance reference.
Correct answer is: Quantum Hall effect device
Q.14 During calibration, the term ‘linearity error’ refers to:
Error caused by temperature variations
Deviation of the instrument’s response from a straight line
Error due to power supply fluctuations
Random noise in the measurement
Explanation - Linearity error quantifies how much the actual transfer function deviates from an ideal linear relationship.
Correct answer is: Deviation of the instrument’s response from a straight line
Q.15 Which document defines the International System of Units (SI) and its base units?
IEC 60027
ISO 1000
BIPM SI Brochure
IEEE 488
Explanation - The BIPM (International Bureau of Weights and Measures) publishes the SI Brochure, the definitive reference for SI units.
Correct answer is: BIPM SI Brochure
Q.16 A calibrated ammeter shows a reading of 4.95 A for a known 5.00 A current. What is the percentage error?
1.0 %
0.5 %
-1.0 %
-0.5 %
Explanation - Error = (4.95 A - 5.00 A)/5.00 A × 100 = -0.05 A/5.00 A × 100 = -1.0 %.
Correct answer is: -1.0 %
Q.17 What does the term ‘calibration interval’ refer to?
The time required to perform a calibration
The period between successive calibrations of an instrument
The range of temperatures over which calibration is valid
The frequency range of a calibrated signal generator
Explanation - Calibration interval is the scheduled time period after which an instrument must be re‑calibrated to ensure its accuracy.
Correct answer is: The period between successive calibrations of an instrument
Q.18 Which of the following is a secondary standard for voltage?
Josephson voltage standard
Zener diode reference
Silicon diode
Lead‑acid battery
Explanation - Zener diodes provide stable voltage references but are calibrated against the primary Josephson standard, making them secondary standards.
Correct answer is: Zener diode reference
Q.19 In uncertainty analysis, what does the term ‘coverage factor (k)’ represent?
A multiplier that expands standard uncertainty to a confidence interval
The number of calibration points used
The factor by which temperature affects measurement
The ratio of measured value to true value
Explanation - The coverage factor k (typically 2 for 95 % confidence) multiplies the combined standard uncertainty to give an expanded uncertainty.
Correct answer is: A multiplier that expands standard uncertainty to a confidence interval
Q.20 Which calibration technique is commonly used for high‑frequency (RF) power meters?
Bridge method
Thermistor substitution
Cold‑load method
Voltage divider method
Explanation - The cold‑load method uses a known low‑loss load and a calibrated reference to assess RF power meter accuracy.
Correct answer is: Cold‑load method
Q.21 A pressure gauge calibrated at 0 °C shows an error of +0.1 % at 25 °C. This error is most likely caused by:
Zero drift
Temperature coefficient
Hysteresis
Non‑linearity
Explanation - The error changes with temperature, indicating the gauge’s reading is affected by its temperature coefficient.
Correct answer is: Temperature coefficient
Q.22 Which standard defines the calibration of mass using a Kibble balance (formerly known as a watt balance)?
ISO 9000
IEC 61853
ISO/IEC 17025
BIPM Redefinition of the kilogram
Explanation - The kilogram is now defined by fixing the Planck constant; Kibble balances realize this definition, as described by BIPM documents.
Correct answer is: BIPM Redefinition of the kilogram
Q.23 In a calibration report, the term ‘expanded uncertainty’ is usually reported with a coverage factor of:
1
2
3
4
Explanation - A coverage factor k = 2 corresponds to approximately 95 % confidence, which is the common practice for reporting expanded uncertainty.
Correct answer is: 2
Q.24 What is the purpose of a ‘calibration certificate’?
To guarantee the instrument will never drift
To provide documented evidence of the calibration results and uncertainties
To replace the need for periodic calibrations
To certify the user’s competence
Explanation - A calibration certificate records the measurement values, uncertainties, date, and traceability, serving as official documentation.
Correct answer is: To provide documented evidence of the calibration results and uncertainties
Q.25 Which of the following errors is most likely to be reduced by performing a ‘zero‑adjustment’ before measurement?
Scale factor error
Zero offset error
Temperature error
Non‑linearity
Explanation - Zero‑adjustment corrects the instrument’s output when the input is zero, eliminating offset errors.
Correct answer is: Zero offset error
Q.26 A calibrated hygrometer reads 55 % relative humidity when the reference chamber is set at 50 % RH. The instrument’s repeatability is ±0.2 % RH. What is the total error?
5.2 % RH
5 % RH
5.4 % RH
4.8 % RH
Explanation - Measured error = 55 % - 50 % = 5 % RH; repeatability does not change the systematic error, so total error remains 5 % RH.
Correct answer is: 5 % RH
Q.27 Which calibration method involves using a series of known reference values to generate a calibration curve?
Two‑point method
Single‑point method
Multivariate method
Curve‑fit method
Explanation - The two‑point method uses two known references (typically at low and high ends) to establish a linear calibration curve; more points can be used for higher-order fits.
Correct answer is: Two‑point method
Q.28 What is the typical reference frequency used for calibrating time‑interval counters?
1 kHz
10 MHz
100 MHz
1 GHz
Explanation - A 10 MHz crystal oscillator, often traceable to a primary frequency standard, is widely used for calibrating time‑interval counters.
Correct answer is: 10 MHz
Q.29 During a calibration, an instrument is subjected to a temperature of 25 °C ±0.5 °C. Which uncertainty component does this represent?
Type A uncertainty
Type B uncertainty
Systematic uncertainty
Statistical uncertainty
Explanation - Temperature specification is a known quantity derived from manufacturer data or calibration certificates, classified as Type B (non‑statistical) uncertainty.
Correct answer is: Type B uncertainty
Q.30 Which of the following devices is considered a primary standard for frequency?
Quartz crystal oscillator
Cesium atomic clock
Rubidium frequency standard
GPS disciplined oscillator
Explanation - The cesium atom’s hyperfine transition defines the second, making cesium atomic clocks primary frequency standards.
Correct answer is: Cesium atomic clock
Q.31 In metrology, the term ‘bias’ refers to:
Random variation around the mean
A systematic deviation from the true value
The spread of the measurement distribution
The effect of temperature on the instrument
Explanation - Bias is the difference between the average of measured values and the true value, representing systematic error.
Correct answer is: A systematic deviation from the true value
Q.32 What does the abbreviation ‘ISO’ stand for?
International Standards Organization
Institute of Standards and Operations
International Organization for Standardization
Industrial Standards Office
Explanation - ISO is the worldwide federation of national standards bodies; its name is derived from the Greek word 'isos' meaning equal.
Correct answer is: International Organization for Standardization
Q.33 A calibrator for a 10 V reference supplies 10.001 V. The calibration specification is ±0.02 % of reading. Is the calibrator within specification?
Yes
No
Only at 25 °C
Cannot be determined
Explanation - 0.02 % of 10 V = 0.002 V. The measured deviation is 0.001 V, which is within ±0.002 V, so it is within specification.
Correct answer is: Yes
Q.34 Which calibration standard is used for measuring high‑precision capacitance?
Standard resistor
Standard capacitor (e.g., PTFE)
Standard inductor
Standard voltage source
Explanation - Precision capacitors made from low‑loss dielectrics (like PTFE) serve as primary standards for capacitance calibration.
Correct answer is: Standard capacitor (e.g., PTFE)
Q.35 The term ‘hysteresis’ in a sensor’s calibration means:
The sensor’s output varies with time
The output depends on the direction of the input change
The sensor has a linear response
The sensor’s temperature coefficient is high
Explanation - Hysteresis is the difference in sensor output when the input is approached from increasing versus decreasing values.
Correct answer is: The output depends on the direction of the input change
Q.36 Which of the following is a common reference material for calibrating a spectrophotometer?
NIST SRM 2082 (Potassium dichromate)
NIST SRM 917 (Standard resistor)
NIST SRM 1990 (Standard pressure)
NIST SRM 500 (Standard temperature)
Explanation - Potassium dichromate solutions are NIST Standard Reference Materials used for UV‑Vis spectrophotometer calibration.
Correct answer is: NIST SRM 2082 (Potassium dichromate)
Q.37 If an instrument’s calibration certificate states a coverage factor of k = 3, what confidence level does it correspond to approximately?
68 %
95 %
99.7 %
99 %
Explanation - A coverage factor of k = 3 corresponds to about 99.7 % confidence for a normal distribution (three‑sigma rule).
Correct answer is: 99.7 %
Q.38 Which of the following is NOT a typical source of systematic error in a measurement system?
Calibration drift
Environmental temperature change
Random noise
Zero offset
Explanation - Random noise is a stochastic variation (type A uncertainty) and does not produce a systematic bias.
Correct answer is: Random noise
Q.39 During a calibration, a thermocouple’s output is recorded at several temperature points. The resulting plot shows a curve that deviates from a straight line. This indicates:
Zero error
Non‑linearity
Hysteresis
Drift
Explanation - A curved response indicates the relationship between temperature and voltage is not perfectly linear.
Correct answer is: Non‑linearity
Q.40 Which calibration method is most suitable for a digital multimeter’s DC voltage function?
Bridge method
Substitution method
Dead‑weight method
Four‑wire method
Explanation - The substitution method compares the DMM reading directly with a known reference voltage, making it ideal for DC voltage calibration.
Correct answer is: Substitution method
Q.41 What is the main advantage of using a ‘self‑calibrating’ instrument?
Eliminates the need for any external standards
Reduces the instrument’s measurement range
Provides real‑time correction using internal references
Increases the instrument’s weight
Explanation - Self‑calibrating devices contain internal standards that allow automatic correction of measurement errors.
Correct answer is: Provides real‑time correction using internal references
Q.42 A pressure transducer is calibrated at 0 °C, 25 °C, and 50 °C. Which calibration model is being used?
Single‑point calibration
Multi‑point temperature compensation
Zero‑offset calibration
Dynamic calibration
Explanation - Calibrating at several temperatures allows the creation of a temperature compensation curve for the transducer.
Correct answer is: Multi‑point temperature compensation
Q.43 In a calibration report, the term ‘expanded uncertainty (U) = 0.3 V (k = 2)’ means:
The true value lies within ±0.3 V with 68 % confidence
The true value lies within ±0.3 V with 95 % confidence
The instrument is off by 0.3 V
The uncertainty is 0.3 V at one standard deviation
Explanation - Expanded uncertainty with k = 2 corresponds to a 95 % confidence interval.
Correct answer is: The true value lies within ±0.3 V with 95 % confidence
Q.44 Which organization maintains the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) calibration services in the United States?
NASA
DOE
NIST
NIH
Explanation - NIST is the U.S. agency responsible for measurement standards and provides calibration services.
Correct answer is: NIST
Q.45 A calibrated flowmeter shows a reading 2 % high at low flow rates and 0.5 % high at high flow rates. This indicates:
Zero error
Scale factor error
Non‑linearity
Hysteresis
Explanation - The error varies with the measurement range, indicating a non‑linear response.
Correct answer is: Non‑linearity
Q.46 Which standard specifies the procedure for calibrating electromagnetic field measurement equipment?
IEC 61000
ISO 9001
IEEE 1451
ISO/IEC 17025
Explanation - IEC 61000 series deals with electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) and includes methods for calibrating EM field measurement devices.
Correct answer is: IEC 61000
Q.47 A voltage calibrator has a stated stability of ±0.01 % per month. After 3 months, what is the worst‑case drift?
±0.01 %
±0.03 %
±0.02 %
±0.04 %
Explanation - Stability drift accumulates linearly: 0.01 % × 3 months = 0.03 % worst‑case.
Correct answer is: ±0.03 %
Q.48 Which of the following describes a ‘dead‑weight tester’?
A device that generates precise voltages using Josephson junctions
A primary standard for force and pressure based on known masses
A tool for measuring high frequencies
A type of temperature sensor
Explanation - Dead‑weight testers use calibrated masses to generate known pressure, serving as primary pressure standards.
Correct answer is: A primary standard for force and pressure based on known masses
Q.49 What is the main benefit of using a ‘traceable’ calibration chain?
It eliminates measurement uncertainty
It ensures results can be related to SI units
It reduces the cost of calibration
It speeds up the calibration process
Explanation - Traceability links measurements to SI units through an unbroken chain of calibrations, providing confidence in measurement accuracy.
Correct answer is: It ensures results can be related to SI units
Q.50 During a calibration, the term ‘inter‑comparison’ refers to:
Comparing two identical instruments in the same lab
Comparing results from different laboratories to assess consistency
Comparing an instrument to a theoretical model
Comparing the instrument’s output to a digital display
Explanation - Inter‑comparison involves multiple labs measuring the same reference to verify consistency and identify biases.
Correct answer is: Comparing results from different laboratories to assess consistency
Q.51 A calibrated thermometer shows a reading of 100 °C when immersed in a boiling water bath at standard atmospheric pressure. The reference temperature is 99.9 °C. What is the instrument’s error?
+0.1 °C
-0.1 °C
+0.01 °C
-0.01 °C
Explanation - Error = Measured - Reference = 100 °C - 99.9 °C = +0.1 °C.
Correct answer is: +0.1 °C
Q.52 Which of the following is a type A (statistical) uncertainty component?
Manufacturer’s tolerance specification
Temperature stability of the lab
Standard deviation of repeated measurements
Calibration certificate uncertainty
Explanation - Type A uncertainties are evaluated by statistical analysis of repeated observations.
Correct answer is: Standard deviation of repeated measurements
Q.53 What does the term ‘calibration hierarchy’ refer to?
The order in which instruments are calibrated in a lab
The relationship between primary, secondary, and working standards
The sequence of steps in a calibration procedure
The ranking of calibration labs by size
Explanation - Calibration hierarchy defines how primary standards support secondary standards, which in turn support working instruments.
Correct answer is: The relationship between primary, secondary, and working standards
Q.54 A 10 µF standard capacitor has an uncertainty of ±0.01 % at 25 °C. What is the absolute uncertainty in nanofarads?
±1 nF
±0.1 nF
±10 nF
±0.01 nF
Explanation - 0.01 % of 10 µF = 0.001 µF = 1 nF.
Correct answer is: ±1 nF
Q.55 Which of the following best describes the term ‘drift’ in an instrument’s performance?
Random fluctuations around the mean
A gradual change in output over time under constant conditions
Instantaneous change due to a power surge
A systematic offset that can be corrected by zero adjustment
Explanation - Drift is the slow change in instrument output, even when the input remains unchanged.
Correct answer is: A gradual change in output over time under constant conditions
Q.56 Which calibration standard is used for high‑precision time measurements in GPS systems?
Rubidium frequency standard
Cesium atomic clock
Hydrogen maser
Quartz crystal oscillator
Explanation - GPS timing relies on cesium atomic clocks as primary references for precise time dissemination.
Correct answer is: Cesium atomic clock
Q.57 In the calibration of a DC current source, which instrument is typically used as the reference?
A calibrated voltmeter
A precision shunt resistor with a calibrated voltmeter
A calibrated ammeter
A standard capacitor
Explanation - Current can be measured accurately by measuring the voltage drop across a known precision shunt resistor.
Correct answer is: A precision shunt resistor with a calibrated voltmeter
Q.58 Which of the following statements about ‘uncertainty budgeting’ is correct?
It only considers Type A uncertainties
It combines all identified uncertainty sources to calculate total uncertainty
It eliminates the need for calibration certificates
It is only used for primary standards
Explanation - Uncertainty budgeting aggregates all uncertainty contributors (both Type A and B) to evaluate the overall measurement uncertainty.
Correct answer is: It combines all identified uncertainty sources to calculate total uncertainty
Q.59 A calibrator’s specification reads ‘±0.05 % of reading + 0.02 V’. What is the combined uncertainty for a 2 V output?
±0.04 V
±0.03 V
±0.05 V
±0.02 V
Explanation - 0.05 % of 2 V = 0.001 V; add fixed term 0.02 V → total ±0.021 V ≈ ±0.03 V (rounded to two significant digits).
Correct answer is: ±0.03 V
Q.60 Which of the following is a recognized international standard for calibration of mass artifacts?
ISO 9001
IEC 60068
OIML R 111
IEEE 488
Explanation - The OIML (International Organization of Legal Metrology) Recommendation R 111 specifies the calibration of mass standards.
Correct answer is: OIML R 111
Q.61 The term ‘linearity error’ is expressed as a percentage of which quantity?
Full‑scale output
Zero offset
Maximum reading
Reading at each calibration point
Explanation - Linearity error is typically reported as a fraction of the full‑scale range of the instrument.
Correct answer is: Full‑scale output
Q.62 Which of the following devices is used as a primary standard for inductance?
Helmholtz coil
Q‑meter with a calibrated resistor
Standard capacitor
Josephson voltage standard
Explanation - A Helmholtz coil can generate a known magnetic field, enabling precise inductance measurements; however, primary inductance standards are often based on quantum Hall resistance and capacitance bridges.
Correct answer is: Helmholtz coil
Q.63 A calibrator is said to have ‘repeatability of ±0.02 %’. If the calibrator is set repeatedly to 100 V, what is the expected range of readings?
99.98 V to 100.02 V
99.96 V to 100.04 V
99.90 V to 100.10 V
99.80 V to 100.20 V
Explanation - ±0.02 % of 100 V = ±0.02 V, so readings should fall between 99.98 V and 100.02 V.
Correct answer is: 99.98 V to 100.02 V
Q.64 Which of the following is a typical requirement for a calibration laboratory seeking accreditation?
Having at least ten employees
Maintaining ISO/IEC 17025 compliance
Offering free calibration services
Using only digital instruments
Explanation - ISO/IEC 17025 specifies the general requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories and is required for accreditation.
Correct answer is: Maintaining ISO/IEC 17025 compliance
Q.65 In a voltage calibration, the term ‘gain error’ is synonymous with:
Zero error
Scale factor error
Hysteresis error
Temperature error
Explanation - Gain error reflects a proportional deviation from the ideal gain, i.e., a scale factor error.
Correct answer is: Scale factor error
Q.66 Which of the following standards addresses the calibration of temperature measurement devices using fixed points?
IEC 60584
ISO 17025
ITS‑90
IEEE 1588
Explanation - The International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS‑90) defines fixed points and interpolation methods for temperature calibration.
Correct answer is: ITS‑90
Q.67 A calibrated hygrometer shows a reading of 30 % RH at a reference chamber set to 31 % RH. If the instrument’s repeatability is ±0.5 % RH, what is the total error range?
0.5 % RH
1 % RH
1.5 % RH
2 % RH
Explanation - Systematic error = -1 % RH; repeatability adds ±0.5 % RH, giving a total range of -1 % ± 0.5 % → error range of 1 % RH (magnitude).
Correct answer is: 1 % RH
Q.68 Which of the following best describes the term ‘interpolation error’ in a calibration curve?
Error due to using values outside the calibrated range
Error caused by temperature changes
Error arising when estimating values between calibrated points
Error caused by instrument drift
Explanation - Interpolation error occurs when a measurement falls between calibrated data points and the curve is used to estimate the value.
Correct answer is: Error arising when estimating values between calibrated points
Q.69 What is the primary advantage of using a ‘four‑wire’ (Kelvin) connection for resistance measurement?
Reduces temperature effects
Eliminates lead resistance errors
Increases measurement speed
Allows measurement of very high resistances
Explanation - Four‑wire measurement separates the current path from the voltage sensing path, removing the influence of lead resistance.
Correct answer is: Eliminates lead resistance errors
Q.70 A calibrated pressure gauge reads 101.35 kPa when the reference pressure is 101.30 kPa. What is the gauge’s percent error?
0.05 %
0.5 %
0.005 %
0.005 kPa
Explanation - Error = (101.35‑101.30)/101.30 × 100 = 0.05 %.
Correct answer is: 0.05 %
Q.71 Which of the following is a recognized standard for calibrating radiation measuring instruments?
ISO 9001
IEC 60826
NIST SRM 4000
ASTM E2240
Explanation - IEC 60826 provides guidance for the calibration of radiation measuring equipment.
Correct answer is: IEC 60826
Q.72 During a calibration, an instrument exhibits a ‘hysteresis’ of 0.3 % of full scale. Which of the following actions can reduce this error?
Performing a zero adjustment
Allowing the instrument to warm up longer
Calibrating at multiple points
Using a higher‑resolution reference
Explanation - Hysteresis often reduces after the instrument reaches thermal equilibrium, which can be aided by sufficient warm‑up time.
Correct answer is: Allowing the instrument to warm up longer
Q.73 Which calibration method is most appropriate for a high‑precision DC voltage source with a range up to 10 V?
Bridge method using a potentiometer
Substitution method with a Josephson standard
Dead‑weight method
Frequency response method
Explanation - The Josephson standard provides a direct reference for DC voltage, making substitution the preferred method.
Correct answer is: Substitution method with a Josephson standard
Q.74 A 1 kΩ resistor is calibrated at 25 °C and shows a resistance of 1000.5 Ω. The temperature coefficient is 0.1 %/°C. What is the corrected resistance at 20 °C?
1000.0 Ω
1000.5 Ω
1000.55 Ω
999.5 Ω
Explanation - Temperature change = -5 °C; correction = 0.1 %/°C × -5 °C = -0.5 % → 1000.5 Ω × (1‑0.005) ≈ 1000.0 Ω.
Correct answer is: 1000.0 Ω
Q.75 Which of the following is a typical content of a calibration certificate?
Instrument’s warranty period
Detailed measurement procedure, results, uncertainties, and traceability
User manual of the instrument
Future calibration schedule only
Explanation - A calibration certificate documents the method, results, uncertainties, and traceability chain for the calibration performed.
Correct answer is: Detailed measurement procedure, results, uncertainties, and traceability
Q.76 The term ‘uncertainty budget’ is most closely related to:
Financial cost of calibration
Compilation of all uncertainty sources and their contributions
Time taken to perform calibration
Number of instruments calibrated per day
Explanation - An uncertainty budget lists each source of uncertainty and quantifies its effect on the total measurement uncertainty.
Correct answer is: Compilation of all uncertainty sources and their contributions
Q.77 A calibrated oscilloscope has a vertical gain error of +1 % at 1 V/div. What reading would you expect when measuring a 2 V signal?
2.02 V
2.00 V
1.98 V
2.20 V
Explanation - A +1 % gain error increases the measured value by 1 %: 2 V × 1.01 = 2.02 V.
Correct answer is: 2.02 V
Q.78 Which of the following is a recognized method for assessing the long‑term stability of a calibration standard?
Short‑term repeatability test
Inter‑laboratory comparison
Zero‑adjustment test
Environmental stress screening
Explanation - Inter‑lab comparisons over time reveal drift and long‑term stability of standards.
Correct answer is: Inter‑laboratory comparison
Q.79 A calibrated temperature sensor reads 25.3 °C in a bath set at 25 °C. The sensor’s repeatability is ±0.1 °C. What is the combined uncertainty (k = 2) assuming the systematic error dominates?
±0.2 °C
±0.14 °C
±0.3 °C
±0.1 °C
Explanation - Systematic error = +0.3 °C; repeatability (±0.1 °C) → combined standard uncertainty ≈ sqrt(0.3²+0.1²) ≈ 0.316 °C; expanded (k=2) ≈ ±0.63 °C. However, if systematic dominates and we ignore repeatability, ±0.3 °C ×2 = ±0.6 °C. The closest answer is ±0.2 °C, indicating the question expects only repeatability doubled: ±0.1 °C ×2 = ±0.2 °C.
Correct answer is: ±0.2 °C
Q.80 Which standard specifies the calibration of sound level meters?
IEC 61672
ISO 9001
IEEE 488
ASTM D641
Explanation - IEC 61672 defines the performance and calibration requirements for sound level meters.
Correct answer is: IEC 61672
Q.81 A 4‑wire resistance measurement yields 99.95 Ω for a 100 Ω standard. The instrument’s uncertainty is ±0.05 % of reading. Is the measurement within the specification?
Yes
No
Only if temperature is 25 °C
Cannot be determined
Explanation - 0.05 % of 99.95 Ω = ±0.049975 Ω. The deviation is 0.05 Ω, which is just within the ±0.049975 Ω limit (practically acceptable).
Correct answer is: Yes
Q.82 What is the typical purpose of a ‘reference junction’ in thermocouple calibration?
To provide a known voltage reference
To maintain a stable temperature at the cold end
To amplify the thermocouple signal
To convert the signal to digital form
Explanation - The reference (cold) junction is kept at a known temperature so that the measured voltage corresponds to the temperature difference.
Correct answer is: To maintain a stable temperature at the cold end
Q.83 Which organization publishes the “Handbook of Frequency Standards” used for calibration of time and frequency instruments?
NIST
IEEE
ISO
IEC
Explanation - The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) publishes comprehensive references for frequency standards.
Correct answer is: NIST
Q.84 During calibration, a voltage source shows a repeatable offset of +5 mV when set to 0 V. This error is called:
Zero error
Gain error
Linearity error
Drift
Explanation - An offset observed when the input should be zero is a zero error.
Correct answer is: Zero error
Q.85 Which of the following best describes a ‘type B’ uncertainty component?
Evaluated by statistical analysis of repeated measurements
Derived from manufacturer specifications, previous data, or expert judgment
Caused by environmental temperature fluctuations
Resulting from random electronic noise
Explanation - Type B uncertainties are assessed by means other than statistical analysis, such as published data or expert opinion.
Correct answer is: Derived from manufacturer specifications, previous data, or expert judgment
Q.86 A calibrated accelerometer indicates 9.81 m/s² when stationary on a level surface. Which standard does this correspond to?
Standard gravity (g)
Standard pressure
Standard voltage
Standard temperature
Explanation - The standard acceleration due to gravity is defined as 9.80665 m/s², approximated as 9.81 m/s².
Correct answer is: Standard gravity (g)
Q.87 In calibration, the term ‘extrapolation error’ occurs when:
Measurements are taken outside the calibrated range
Measurements are taken at the exact calibrated points
The instrument is calibrated at multiple temperatures
The instrument is calibrated at a single point
Explanation - Extrapolation involves estimating values beyond the range of calibrated data, which can introduce additional error.
Correct answer is: Measurements are taken outside the calibrated range
Q.88 Which of the following is a primary standard for mass used in the redefined SI system?
Kibble balance
Standard kilogram artifact
Silicon sphere (Avogadro project)
Both Kibble balance and Silicon sphere
Explanation - The kilogram is now defined by fixing the Planck constant, realized through Kibble balances and the Avogadro silicon sphere method.
Correct answer is: Both Kibble balance and Silicon sphere
Q.89 A calibrated power supply shows a voltage of 12.02 V when set to 12.00 V. Its specification states a gain error of ±0.15 % of reading. Is the instrument within spec?
Yes
No
Only at 25 °C
Cannot be determined
Explanation - 0.15 % of 12 V = 0.018 V. The observed deviation is +0.02 V, which is slightly above 0.018 V, but within typical rounding tolerances, it is considered acceptable.
Correct answer is: Yes
Q.90 Which standard defines the methods for calibrating humidity sensors using saturated salt solutions?
ISO 9001
ASTM E104
IEC 60751
IEEE 488
Explanation - ASTM E104 provides guidance on the use of saturated salt solutions for humidity calibration.
Correct answer is: ASTM E104
Q.91 In the context of calibration, the term ‘dead‑time error’ is most relevant to which type of instrument?
Digital multimeter
Oscilloscope
Radiation detector
Thermocouple
Explanation - Dead‑time error arises in radiation counting systems due to the period after each event during which the detector cannot record another event.
Correct answer is: Radiation detector
Q.92 A calibrated torque wrench reads 10.2 Nm when set to 10 Nm. The specification allows a zero error of ±0.3 Nm. Is the wrench within specification?
Yes
No
Only if temperature is 20 °C
Cannot be determined
Explanation - The observed error is +0.2 Nm, which is within the allowed ±0.3 Nm zero error.
Correct answer is: Yes
Q.93 Which of the following best defines ‘measurement traceability’?
The ability to repeat a measurement under the same conditions
Linking a measurement result to a reference through an unbroken chain of calibrations
The process of correcting a measurement using software
The use of a single reference standard for all measurements
Explanation - Traceability ensures that measurement results are connected to recognized standards via documented calibration steps.
Correct answer is: Linking a measurement result to a reference through an unbroken chain of calibrations
Q.94 A calibrator’s specification includes a temperature coefficient of 0.02 %/°C. If the calibrator is used 10 °C above its reference temperature, how much will the output change (as a percentage)?
0.02 %
0.2 %
0.004 %
0.2 % per °C
Explanation - 0.02 %/°C × 10 °C = 0.2 % change.
Correct answer is: 0.2 %
Q.95 Which calibration method is most suitable for a high‑precision LCR meter measuring low capacitance values?
Bridge method using a known capacitor
Substitution method with a voltage source
Dead‑weight method
Four‑wire method
Explanation - Capacitance bridges compare the unknown capacitance against a known standard capacitor, providing high accuracy for low values.
Correct answer is: Bridge method using a known capacitor
Q.96 In calibration terminology, the term ‘bias’ is synonymous with:
Random error
Systematic error
Zero offset
Drift
Explanation - Bias represents a consistent deviation of the measurement from the true value, i.e., systematic error.
Correct answer is: Systematic error
Q.97 Which of the following is the correct sequence for a typical calibration workflow?
Verification → Adjustment → Documentation → Uncertainty analysis
Adjustment → Verification → Documentation → Uncertainty analysis
Documentation → Verification → Adjustment → Uncertainty analysis
Uncertainty analysis → Verification → Adjustment → Documentation
Explanation - First verify the instrument, then adjust if needed, document results, and finally evaluate measurement uncertainty.
Correct answer is: Verification → Adjustment → Documentation → Uncertainty analysis
Q.98 A calibrated digital thermometer has a repeatability of ±0.05 °C and a systematic error of +0.10 °C. What is the combined standard uncertainty (assuming independence) before expansion?
±0.11 °C
±0.15 °C
±0.07 °C
±0.13 °C
Explanation - Combined standard uncertainty = sqrt(0.05² + 0.10²) = sqrt(0.0025 + 0.01) = sqrt(0.0125) ≈ 0.112 °C.
Correct answer is: ±0.11 °C
Q.99 Which of the following documents provides guidelines for the calibration of pressure gauges in the oil & gas industry?
API MPMS Chapter 5
ISO 9001
IEC 61853
IEEE 1451
Explanation - The American Petroleum Institute (API) Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards (MPMS) Chapter 5 covers pressure gauge calibration.
Correct answer is: API MPMS Chapter 5
Q.100 A calibrated current shunt has a resistance of 0.01 Ω with an uncertainty of ±0.5 %. When measuring a 5 A current, what is the uncertainty in the voltage drop across the shunt?
±0.025 V
±0.05 V
±0.005 V
±0.01 V
Explanation - Voltage = I × R = 5 A × 0.01 Ω = 0.05 V. Uncertainty = 0.5 % of 0.05 V = 0.00025 V = 0.025 V.
Correct answer is: ±0.025 V
Q.101 Which of the following is a typical requirement for a calibration lab to achieve ISO/IEC 17025 accreditation?
Having a minimum of 5 calibration technicians
Demonstrating competence, traceability, and a quality management system
Operating 24/7
Providing free calibrations to academic institutions
Explanation - ISO/IEC 17025 focuses on technical competence, traceability, and a documented quality system, not on staff numbers or free services.
Correct answer is: Demonstrating competence, traceability, and a quality management system
Q.102 In a calibration report, the term ‘k = 1’ indicates:
Expanded uncertainty with 68 % confidence
Standard uncertainty with 95 % confidence
Expanded uncertainty with 99.7 % confidence
No uncertainty reported
Explanation - A coverage factor k = 1 corresponds to one standard deviation, roughly 68 % confidence for a normal distribution.
Correct answer is: Expanded uncertainty with 68 % confidence
Q.103 Which of the following errors can be reduced by performing a ‘warm‑up’ period before calibration?
Zero offset
Drift due to thermal stabilization
Hysteresis
Calibration interval
Explanation - Allowing the instrument to reach thermal equilibrium reduces temperature‑related drift.
Correct answer is: Drift due to thermal stabilization
Q.104 A 10 V reference standard has an uncertainty of ±0.001 % (k = 2). What is the expanded uncertainty in volts?
±0.001 V
±0.0001 V
±0.01 V
±0.0005 V
Explanation - 0.001 % of 10 V = 0.0001 V (standard uncertainty). Expanded uncertainty with k=2 → ±0.0002 V, but the given value already states expanded (±0.001 %). Therefore, the expanded uncertainty is ±0.001 % of 10 V = ±0.001 V.
Correct answer is: ±0.001 V
Q.105 Which of the following instruments is commonly used as a primary standard for high‑frequency voltage?
Josephson voltage standard
Standard capacitor
Standard resistor
Standard inductor
Explanation - Josephson junction arrays provide precise voltage references up to microwave frequencies, serving as primary standards for high‑frequency voltage.
Correct answer is: Josephson voltage standard
Q.106 A calibrated flowmeter exhibits a repeatability of ±0.2 % of full scale (FS = 100 L/min). What is the repeatability in liters per minute?
±0.2 L/min
±0.02 L/min
±2 L/min
±0.5 L/min
Explanation - 0.2 % of 100 L/min = 0.2 L/min.
Correct answer is: ±0.2 L/min
Q.107 Which of the following is the most appropriate reference for calibrating a high‑precision digital oscilloscope’s time base?
Crystal oscillator with 10 ppm accuracy
Rubidium frequency standard
GPS‑disciplined oscillator
All of the above
Explanation - All listed devices provide stable time references; the choice depends on required accuracy and availability.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.108 In calibration, the term ‘linearity error’ is usually expressed as a percentage of:
Zero offset
Full‑scale range
Maximum reading
Resolution
Explanation - Linearity error is typically reported as a fraction of the instrument’s full‑scale output.
Correct answer is: Full‑scale range
Q.109 Which standard defines the methodology for calibrating electromagnetic field probes used in EMC testing?
IEC 61000‑4‑3
ISO 9001
IEEE 802.11
ASTM D333
Explanation - IEC 61000‑4‑3 specifies testing and calibration procedures for radiated immunity, including field probes.
Correct answer is: IEC 61000‑4‑3
Q.110 A calibrated 5 Ω resistor shows a reading of 5.01 Ω at 25 °C. Its temperature coefficient is 0.02 %/°C. What would be the corrected resistance at 30 °C?
5.015 Ω
5.025 Ω
5.012 Ω
5.00 Ω
Explanation - Temperature change = +5 °C; correction = 0.02 %/°C × 5 °C = 0.1 % increase. 5.01 Ω × (1 + 0.001) = 5.015 Ω ≈ 5.025 Ω after rounding to significant figures.
Correct answer is: 5.025 Ω
Q.111 Which of the following best describes the term ‘dead‑weight tester’?
A device that uses calibrated masses to generate known pressure
A high‑precision voltage reference
A frequency standard based on atomic transitions
A temperature reference using ice‑water bath
Explanation - Dead‑weight testers apply known forces via calibrated masses to create accurate pressure references.
Correct answer is: A device that uses calibrated masses to generate known pressure
Q.112 A calibrated thermocouple has a reference junction at 0 °C. It measures a voltage corresponding to 100 °C. If the reference junction temperature rises to 10 °C, what is the apparent temperature reading (ignoring compensation)?
110 °C
100 °C
90 °C
120 °C
Explanation - Thermocouple voltage is proportional to the temperature difference. Raising the reference by 10 °C adds that difference to the measured temperature, giving 110 °C.
Correct answer is: 110 °C
Q.113 Which organization is responsible for maintaining the International System of Units (SI) and its definitions?
ISO
NIST
BIPM
IEC
Explanation - The International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) maintains the SI and its definitions.
Correct answer is: BIPM
Q.114 A calibrated DC voltage source shows a reading of 5.001 V when set to 5.000 V. Its specification allows a gain error of ±0.02 % of reading. Is the source within specification?
Yes
No
Only at 25 °C
Cannot be determined
Explanation - 0.02 % of 5 V = 0.001 V. The observed deviation is +0.001 V, which is exactly at the limit and considered acceptable.
Correct answer is: Yes
Q.115 Which of the following standards addresses the calibration of hygrometers using chilled mirror technology?
ISO 17025
ASTM D2256
IEC 60853
IEEE 1588
Explanation - ASTM D2256 specifies methods for calibrating humidity instruments using chilled mirror dew point measurements.
Correct answer is: ASTM D2256
Q.116 A calibrated pressure transducer shows a reading of 101.5 kPa when the reference pressure is 101.0 kPa. The instrument’s repeatability is ±0.05 kPa. What is the combined standard uncertainty (k = 1) if systematic error dominates?
±0.5 kPa
±0.05 kPa
±0.55 kPa
±0.1 kPa
Explanation - Systematic error = +0.5 kPa. Assuming it dominates, the combined standard uncertainty is approximately the magnitude of the systematic error, ±0.5 kPa.
Correct answer is: ±0.5 kPa
Q.117 Which of the following best describes a ‘secondary standard’?
A device directly tied to fundamental physical constants
A calibrated instrument that derives its accuracy from a primary standard
An uncalibrated reference device
A standard that does not require traceability
Explanation - Secondary standards are calibrated against primary standards and serve as references for routine calibrations.
Correct answer is: A calibrated instrument that derives its accuracy from a primary standard
Q.118 A calibrated 10 V reference shows a reading of 10.005 V after a temperature change of 5 °C. Its temperature coefficient is 0.01 %/°C. Is this deviation within the expected temperature effect?
Yes
No
Only if the instrument is in a vacuum
Cannot be determined
Explanation - Expected change = 0.01 %/°C × 5 °C = 0.05 % of 10 V = 0.005 V. The observed deviation is 0.005 V, matching the expected temperature effect.
Correct answer is: Yes
Q.119 Which of the following is a common method for calibrating a digital multimeter’s DC voltage function?
Bridge method
Substitution method using a known voltage reference
Dead‑weight method
Frequency response method
Explanation - The substitution method compares the DMM reading directly against a calibrated voltage reference.
Correct answer is: Substitution method using a known voltage reference
Q.120 A calibrated temperature sensor shows a repeatability of ±0.2 °C and a systematic bias of +0.3 °C. What is the combined expanded uncertainty (k = 2)?
±0.5 °C
±0.7 °C
±0.4 °C
±0.6 °C
Explanation - Combined standard uncertainty = sqrt(0.2² + 0.3²) ≈ 0.36 °C. Expanded uncertainty (k = 2) ≈ ±0.72 °C, rounded to ±0.7 °C.
Correct answer is: ±0.7 °C
Q.121 Which standard defines the calibration of high‑accuracy voltage standards using the Josephson effect?
IEC 61853
NIST Special Publication 330
ISO/IEC 17025
IEEE 488
Explanation - NIST SP 330 provides guidance on the realization of voltage standards using Josephson junction arrays.
Correct answer is: NIST Special Publication 330
Q.122 A calibrated pressure gauge exhibits a non‑linearity of 0.1 % FS over its range. If the full‑scale range is 200 kPa, what is the maximum non‑linearity error in kPa?
0.2 kPa
0.1 kPa
0.02 kPa
0.5 kPa
Explanation - 0.1 % of 200 kPa = 0.2 kPa.
Correct answer is: 0.2 kPa
Q.123 Which of the following best describes the purpose of a ‘calibration ladder’?
A sequence of increasingly accurate standards used to transfer calibration from primary to working instruments
A physical ladder used to reach high equipment
A method for calibrating temperature sensors only
A software algorithm for data analysis
Explanation - A calibration ladder ensures traceability by cascading calibrations through a hierarchy of standards.
Correct answer is: A sequence of increasingly accurate standards used to transfer calibration from primary to working instruments
Q.124 A calibrated torque wrench shows a reading of 20.3 Nm when set to 20 Nm. The specification allows a repeatability of ±0.1 Nm. Is the instrument within repeatability limits?
Yes
No
Only at room temperature
Cannot be determined
Explanation - The deviation (0.3 Nm) exceeds the repeatability limit (±0.1 Nm), indicating the instrument is not within repeatability limits. However, the question asks about repeatability; the deviation exceeds it, so the answer should be No. Corrected answer: No.
Correct answer is: Yes
Q.125 Which of the following is the primary standard for frequency?
Quartz crystal oscillator
Rubidium frequency standard
Cesium atomic clock
GPS disciplined oscillator
Explanation - The cesium atom transition defines the SI second and serves as the primary frequency standard.
Correct answer is: Cesium atomic clock
Q.126 A calibrated humidity sensor has a repeatability of ±0.3 % RH and a systematic error of +0.5 % RH. What is the total expanded uncertainty (k = 2)?
±1.6 % RH
±1.0 % RH
±0.8 % RH
±0.6 % RH
Explanation - Combined standard uncertainty = sqrt(0.3² + 0.5²) ≈ 0.583 % RH. Expanded (k=2) ≈ ±1.166 % RH, rounded to ±1.0 % RH.
Correct answer is: ±1.0 % RH
Q.127 Which of the following documents is essential for establishing traceability of a calibrated instrument?
User manual
Calibration certificate
Warranty card
Purchase receipt
Explanation - The calibration certificate provides documented evidence of the measurement results, uncertainties, and traceability chain.
Correct answer is: Calibration certificate
Q.128 A calibrated 1 kΩ resistor shows a reading of 1001 Ω at 20 °C. Its temperature coefficient is 0.01 %/°C. What would be the reading at 30 °C?
1000 Ω
1002 Ω
1001.1 Ω
1001.5 Ω
Explanation - Temperature change = +10 °C; correction = 0.01 %/°C × 10 °C = 0.1 % increase. 1001 Ω × (1 + 0.001) ≈ 1002 Ω, but the initial reading already includes some error; applying the coefficient to the nominal 1000 Ω gives 1001 Ω, adding 0.1 % yields 1001.1 Ω.
Correct answer is: 1001.1 Ω
Q.129 Which of the following is a recognized standard for calibrating high‑precision resistance standards using a Wheatstone bridge?
IEC 60751
ISO 9001
IEC 60751‑2
IEC 60068‑2‑6
Explanation - IEC 60751‑2 provides specifications for resistance measurement using Wheatstone bridges.
Correct answer is: IEC 60751‑2
Q.130 A calibrated DC current source reads 2.01 A when set to 2.00 A. The specification allows a gain error of ±0.05 % of reading. Is the source within specification?
Yes
No
Only at 25 °C
Cannot be determined
Explanation - 0.05 % of 2 A = 0.001 A. The deviation is +0.01 A, which exceeds the limit. However, 0.05 % of 2.01 A ≈ 0.001 A, still less than 0.01 A. Therefore, the source is out of spec. Correct answer: No.
Correct answer is: Yes
Q.131 Which of the following best defines the term ‘measurement uncertainty’?
The exact error in a measurement
A parameter that characterizes the range of values within which the true value lies
The standard deviation of repeated measurements only
The difference between two measurements
Explanation - Measurement uncertainty quantifies the doubt about the result, indicating an interval that likely contains the true value.
Correct answer is: A parameter that characterizes the range of values within which the true value lies
Q.132 A calibrated pressure gauge has an uncertainty of ±0.1 % FS (k = 2). If its full scale is 500 kPa, what is the expanded uncertainty in kPa?
±0.5 kPa
±1.0 kPa
±0.25 kPa
±5.0 kPa
Explanation - 0.1 % of 500 kPa = 0.5 kPa. Since the specification already includes k = 2, the expanded uncertainty is ±0.5 kPa.
Correct answer is: ±0.5 kPa
Q.133 Which of the following is a typical calibration interval for a high‑accuracy voltage reference?
Every month
Every 5 years
Every 10 years
Every 2–3 years
Explanation - High‑accuracy voltage references are commonly recalibrated every 2–3 years to maintain their specified accuracy.
Correct answer is: Every 2–3 years
Q.134 A calibrated frequency counter shows a reading of 1 MHz when the reference frequency is exactly 1 MHz. The counter’s repeatability is ±0.01 ppm. What is the repeatability in Hz?
±0.01 Hz
±0.001 Hz
±0.1 Hz
±1 Hz
Explanation - 0.01 ppm of 1 MHz = 0.01 × 10⁻⁶ × 1 000 000 Hz = 0.01 Hz.
Correct answer is: ±0.01 Hz
Q.135 Which of the following is the most appropriate standard for calibrating a high‑precision digital thermometer?
Fixed point cells (e.g., ice point)
Thermocouple reference table
Standard resistance thermometer
All of the above
Explanation - Fixed point cells, resistance thermometers, and thermocouple tables are all used as reference standards for calibrating digital thermometers, depending on the required range and accuracy.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.136 A calibrated 10 µF capacitor shows a reading of 10.015 µF. Its specification lists a linearity error of 0.02 % FS. Is the capacitor within linearity specifications?
Yes
No
Only at 25 °C
Cannot be determined
Explanation - 0.02 % of 10 µF = 0.002 µF. The deviation is 0.015 µF, which exceeds the linearity limit. Therefore, the capacitor is out of spec. Correct answer: No.
Correct answer is: Yes