Q.1 Which layer of the OSI model is responsible for logical addressing and routing?
Physical Layer
Data Link Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Explanation - The Network Layer (Layer 3) handles logical addressing (IP addresses) and determines paths for data delivery across networks.
Correct answer is: Network Layer
Q.2 What is the primary protocol used for routing packets on the Internet?
FTP
IP
HTTP
TCP
Explanation - IP (Internet Protocol) is the main protocol that delivers packets from source to destination based on IP addresses.
Correct answer is: IP
Q.3 Which routing algorithm uses the shortest path first (SPF) approach?
Distance Vector
Link State
Flooding
Static Routing
Explanation - Link State algorithms, such as OSPF, compute routes based on the shortest path using Dijkstra's algorithm.
Correct answer is: Link State
Q.4 In Distance Vector routing, what information does each router share with its neighbors?
Full topology of the network
Distance to all destinations
IP addresses only
MAC addresses
Explanation - Distance Vector routing protocols, like RIP, share their routing table containing distances (hop counts) to all destinations with immediate neighbors.
Correct answer is: Distance to all destinations
Q.5 Which protocol is commonly used to exchange routing information between autonomous systems on the Internet?
RIP
OSPF
BGP
ICMP
Explanation - BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) is used for inter-domain routing between autonomous systems on the Internet.
Correct answer is: BGP
Q.6 What type of address is used to uniquely identify a host on an IP network?
MAC Address
IP Address
Port Number
Subnet Mask
Explanation - An IP address uniquely identifies a host within a network and is used for logical addressing and routing.
Correct answer is: IP Address
Q.7 Which routing protocol avoids loops by using a maximum hop count?
RIP
OSPF
EIGRP
BGP
Explanation - RIP (Routing Information Protocol) uses a maximum hop count of 15 to prevent routing loops.
Correct answer is: RIP
Q.8 What is the main difference between static and dynamic routing?
Static routing changes automatically
Dynamic routing is manually configured
Static routing is fixed; dynamic routing updates automatically
Dynamic routing uses MAC addresses
Explanation - Static routes are manually set and do not change unless configured by an administrator, whereas dynamic routing adapts automatically to network changes.
Correct answer is: Static routing is fixed; dynamic routing updates automatically
Q.9 Which protocol is used by routers to send error messages and operational information?
TCP
UDP
ICMP
ARP
Explanation - ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) is used for sending error messages and network diagnostics (e.g., ping).
Correct answer is: ICMP
Q.10 What is a subnet mask used for?
Identifying the physical device
Dividing a network into subnets
Routing packets across the Internet
Encrypting IP addresses
Explanation - A subnet mask is used to separate the network portion and the host portion of an IP address, enabling subnetting.
Correct answer is: Dividing a network into subnets
Q.11 Which protocol supports hierarchical routing within an autonomous system?
RIP
OSPF
BGP
ICMP
Explanation - OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) supports hierarchical routing using areas to optimize route calculation within an autonomous system.
Correct answer is: OSPF
Q.12 What is the function of a default route in a routing table?
Directs packets to a specific host
Specifies a path for unknown destinations
Blocks traffic from unknown sources
Manages link-layer addresses
Explanation - A default route is used by a router to forward packets whose destination is not listed in the routing table.
Correct answer is: Specifies a path for unknown destinations
Q.13 Which of the following is an interior gateway protocol (IGP)?
BGP
RIP
EIGRP
Both B and C
Explanation - RIP and EIGRP are interior gateway protocols used for routing within an autonomous system, while BGP is an exterior gateway protocol.
Correct answer is: Both B and C
Q.14 In Link State routing, each router builds a map of the network called:
Routing Table
Topology Database
ARP Table
Forwarding Table
Explanation - In Link State routing, routers maintain a complete map of the network's topology in a topology database to compute shortest paths.
Correct answer is: Topology Database
Q.15 Which metric is commonly used by RIP to determine the best route?
Bandwidth
Hop count
Delay
Cost
Explanation - RIP uses hop count as the metric to select the best route, with a maximum limit of 15 hops.
Correct answer is: Hop count
Q.16 What is fragmentation in IP networking?
Combining multiple packets
Splitting a packet into smaller pieces
Encrypting packets
Changing IP addresses dynamically
Explanation - Fragmentation occurs when an IP packet is too large for the next network's Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) and must be split into smaller fragments.
Correct answer is: Splitting a packet into smaller pieces
Q.17 Which protocol maps IP addresses to MAC addresses in a local network?
ICMP
ARP
RARP
DHCP
Explanation - ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) translates IP addresses into MAC addresses for communication within a local network.
Correct answer is: ARP
Q.18 Which of the following is true about hierarchical routing?
Reduces routing table size
Improves scalability
Reduces routing update traffic
All of the above
Explanation - Hierarchical routing divides a network into regions, which reduces routing table size, limits update traffic, and improves scalability.
Correct answer is: All of the above
Q.19 Which routing algorithm sends the entire routing table to all neighbors periodically?
Link State
Distance Vector
Static Routing
Policy-Based Routing
Explanation - Distance Vector protocols, like RIP, periodically share their entire routing table with neighboring routers.
Correct answer is: Distance Vector
Q.20 What is the purpose of Autonomous System (AS) in routing?
To define a network under a single administrative domain
To provide IP addresses to hosts
To convert MAC to IP addresses
To encrypt routing information
Explanation - An Autonomous System is a collection of networks under a common administration that shares a common routing policy.
Correct answer is: To define a network under a single administrative domain
Q.21 Which of the following is an example of a distance vector routing protocol?
OSPF
RIP
IS-IS
BGP
Explanation - RIP is a classic example of a distance vector routing protocol, using hop count as its metric.
Correct answer is: RIP
Q.22 In OSPF, what is the significance of areas?
To create security zones
To reduce routing table size and routing overhead
To assign IP addresses
To block broadcast traffic
Explanation - OSPF divides an autonomous system into areas to optimize routing efficiency and minimize routing overhead.
Correct answer is: To reduce routing table size and routing overhead
Q.23 Which of the following is true about BGP?
It is used for intra-AS routing
It is a distance vector protocol
It uses path vector routing
It ignores policies
Explanation - BGP is a path vector protocol used for inter-domain routing between autonomous systems, considering path attributes and policies.
Correct answer is: It uses path vector routing
Q.24 Which IP address class provides 16 million host addresses?
Class A
Class B
Class C
Class D
Explanation - Class A IP addresses support approximately 16 million hosts per network due to their 8-bit network and 24-bit host division.
Correct answer is: Class A